Impact of different organic matters on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge

The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in various environments has drawn worldwide attention due to their potential risks.Previous studies have reported that a variety of substances can enhance the occurrence and dissemination of ARGs.However,few studies have compared the response of ARGs under the stress of different organicmatters in biologicalwastewater treatment systems.In this study,seven organic pollutantswere added into wastewater treatment bioreactors to investigate their impacts on the ARG occurrence in activated sludge.Based on high-throughput sequencing,it was found that the microbial communities and ARG patterns were significantly changed in the activated sludge exposed to these organic pollutants.Compared with the non-antibiotic refractory organic matters,antibiotics not only increased the abundance of ARGs but also significantly changed the ARG compositions.The increase of Gram-negative bacteria(e.g.,Archangium,Prosthecobacter and Dokdonella)carrying ARGs could be the main cause of ARG proliferation.In addition,significant co-occurrence relationships between ARGs and mobile genetic elements were also observed in the sludge samples,which may also affect the ARG diversity and abundance during the organic matter treatment in the bioreactors.Overall,these findings provide new information for better understanding the ARG occurrence and dissemination caused by organic pollutants in wastewater treatment systems.