摘要
In this study,we provide evidence that oil sands process-affected waters(OSPW)contain factors that activate the antimicrobial and proinflammatory responses of immune cells.Specifically,using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line,we establish the bioactivity of two different OSPW samples and their isolated fractions.Here,we directly compared the bioactivity of two pilot scale demonstration pit lake(DPL)water samples,which included expressed water from treated tailings(termed the before water capping sample;BWC)as well as an after water capping(AWC)sample consisting of a mixture of expressed water,precipitation,upland runoff,coagulated OSPW and added freshwater.Significant inflammatory(i.e.macrophage activating)bioactivity was associated with the AWC sample and its organic fraction(OF),whereas the BWC sample had reduced bioactivity that was primarily associated with its inorganic fraction(IF).Overall,these results indicate that at non-toxic exposure doses,the RAW 264.7 cell line serves as an acute,sensitive and reliable biosensor for the screening of inflammatory constituents within and among discrete OSPW samples.
基金
This work was supported by a research grant from Alberta Innovates,a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)Senior Industrial Research Chair(IRC)in Oil Sands Tailings Water Treatment through the support of Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance(COSIA),Syncrude Canada Ltd.,Suncor Energy Inc.,Canadian Natural Resources Ltd.,Imperial Oil Resources,Teck Resources Limited,EPCOR Water Services,Alberta Innovates,and Alberta Environment and Parks.We also acknowledge an NSERC Collaborative Research and Development(CRD)grant for financial support and the Helmholtz-Alberta Initiative(HAI)through the Alberta Environment and Parks’ecoTrust Programfor analytical support
DML was supported in part by an NSERC research grant RGPIN 06395 and a University of Alberta Faculty of Science research transition fund.The authorswould like to acknowledge graduate student scholarships from the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research at the University of Alberta(to NASH and YYC).Lastly,the authors would also like to thank the University of Alberta Flow Cytometry Facility(Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry)and the University of Alberta Molecular Biology Service Unit(Faculty of Science)for their use of equipment.
