土司与卫所之间——明末石砫女土司秦良玉出身新论

Between Tusi and Weisuo:New Discussion on Family Background of the Female Tusi Qin Liangyu of Shizhu in Late Ming Dynasty

秦良玉父亲秦葵的身份当为卫所武官,而非道光《忠州直隶州志》中所载“贡生”。秦良玉一身武艺与军事才干正是来自家庭的自然熏习而非秦葵的刻意培养。据现有史料可知,秦氏一家很可能出自忠州守御千户所。虽然石砫土司与忠州守御千户所分属两大制度体系,但在明代双方很可能存在私下的田土交易,这种经济利益关系构成了秦良玉与马千乘婚姻的基础。作为秦氏家族的后人,廪膳生秦肇益利用修撰地方志之机,以“去军户化”“去蛮夷化”为目的,重构秦良玉的家庭出身,从而完成历史记忆中秦氏家族由“武”向“文”的转向。

Qin Kui,the father of Qin Liangyu,was an military officer in Weisuo,not a“Gongsheng”as stated in Zhili Annals of Zhongzhou.Qin Liangyu’s martial arts and military abilities were naturally cultivated by her family rather than deliberately cultivated by Qin Kui.According to the information available,the Qin family was likely to come from the Zhongzhou Independent Battalion.Although Shizhu Tusi and Zhongzhou Independent Battalion were under two separate systems,it was possible that there was a private transaction between the two sides.This economic relationship formed the basis of the marriage between Qin Liangyu and Ma Qiancheng.As a descendant of the Qin family,Linshansheng Qin zhaoyi took the opportunity to study local Chronicles and re⁃constructed Qin Liangyu’s family background for the purpose of‘getting rid of the military household’and“get⁃ting rid of the barbarian”,thus completing the transformation of the Qin family from“military”to“literary”in historical memory.