风景式花园在英国:启蒙理性下的世俗仪式

Landscape Gardens in England:Secular Rituals under Enlightenment Reason

启蒙理性下,神祇天国遭到怀疑,超自然的统治法则被理性拒斥,自然失去神造之物的魔力。个人不再从先验空间秩序中寻找自我定位,转而在世俗中建立人间的伊甸园。同时,18世纪末自然神论和泛神论倡导自然自足的完美,“场所精神”的神圣感可在自然景观中体验,风景式花园便是最完美的场所。因此,“仪式”不再独属宗教和超自然信仰,而是主体凭借经验理性,赋予无序以秩序,以有限把握无限的过程。以艺术之眼对打造和欣赏花园可看作一场世俗仪式,是科学理性与自然结合、城市与乡村妥协的中间产物。但这场为自然复魅的仪式值得反思,在人与自然关系的背后,风景式花园暗藏着现代初期英国人与人之间错综的社会秩序。

Under Enlightenment reason,the divine kingdom was doubted,the supernatural rule was rejected by reason,and nature lost the magic of the divine creation.Individuals no longer seek for selfpositioning from transcendental spatial order,but instead establish an earthly Eden in the secular world.At the same time,in the late 18th century,Deism and pantheism advocated the perfection of natural selfsufficiency,and the sacred sense of"genius loci"could be experienced in the natural landscape,and the landscape garden was the most perfect place.Thus,"ritual"no longer belongs solely to religion and supernatural belief,but the subject,by virtue of empirical reason,gives order to the disorder and grasps the infinite process with the finite.The creation and appreciation of a garden with an artistic eye can be seen as a secular ritual,a compromise between science and nature,between city and country.But this ritual of restoring the charm of nature is worth reflecting on.Behind the relationship between man and nature,the landscape garden hides the intricate social order between man and man in early modern Britain.