从规模扩张到提质增效:高素质农民培育政策的演进与优化

From Scale Expansion to Improve Quality and Raise Efficiency:Evolution and Optimization of High-Quality Farmers Cultivation Policy

高素质农民是乡村振兴的主力,高素质农民培育是政府主导的农村人力资本开发项目,其离不开国家政策的支持。通过对高素质农民培育政策的梳理发现,我国高素质农民培育政策主要经历开启探索试点、注重规模扩张和关注提质增效三个阶段,表现为培育目标由注重“数量指标”转向提升“培育效能”,培育对象由面向“重点人群”转向“经营主体”,培育内容由侧重“单项技能”转向“综合素质”的特征。高素质农民培育政策在高素质农民队伍建设、素质提升和职业发展等方面都起到了积极效应,然而由于联动机制、竞争机制、评估标准、项目设计和配套政策等缺位、错位和不到位,使得高素质农民培育资源分散、动力不足、效果不明。因此,从资金支持、政策扶持、制度保障三个层面提出支持高素质农民培育项目开发前的调研、学员遴选标准的建设、学员信息管理系统的完善、制度建设和能力建设并重的项目开发;整合高素质农民培育资源的政策制度、规范高素质农民培育市场的政策制度、支持高素质农民形成与成长的差异化政策;开发高素质农民培育效果评估标准、制定高素质农民培育效果的政策扶持联动机制等完善建议。

High-quality farmers are the main force of rural revitalization,their cultivation is a government-led rural human capital development project,which cannot be separated from the support of national policies.Through the combing high-quality farmers cultivation policy,we found that high-quality farmers cultivation policy in China mainly go through three stages:opening an exploration pilot,focusing on scale expansion and focusing on improving quality and raising efficiency.The findings indicate that the emphasis has shifted from quantitative indicators to efficiency improvement targets;from key groups to business subjects;and finally from individual skills to comprehensive qualities.High-quality farmers cultivation policy have had a positive effect mainly on the construction,quality improvement and career development of high-quality farmers.However,due to the absence,misalignment and inadequacy of linkage mechanism,competition mechanism,evaluation criteria,project design and supporting policy,the cultivation of high-quality farmers has been scattered regarding resources,lack of motivation and slow professionalization of unknown effects.Therefore,we propose financial policy institutional guarantee supports across three levels including pre-development research for participant selection criteria,the improvement of participant information management system,and program development with equal emphasis on system construction and capacity building.In particular,it is crucial to focus on the policy system for integrating high-quality farmers cultivation resources,the policy system for regulating the high-quality farmers cultivation market,and the differentiated policy for supporting the formation and growth of high-quality farmers;exploit the development of evaluation standards for high-quality farmers cultivation effects,and the development of a linkage mechanism for policy support of high-quality farmers cultivation effects.