超疏水防/除冰材料的基础理论和制备技术研究进展

Research Progress of Basic Theory and Preparation Technology of Superhydrophobic Anti/De-Icing Materials

在寒冷高湿环境下,冰和霜易凝结于飞行器、轨道交通、风电叶片、输电线路等设备表面,从而降低工作效率,影响设备使用,同时造成巨大的安全隐患。因此,如何有效延迟冰霜在固体材料表面的形成以及促进结冰的去除,成为当前高性能材料领域的研究热点。传统的机械除冰、化学除冰和热力除冰方式在很大程度上存在能耗高、除冰废液多、除冰效率低等问题,而且容易破坏机械设备表面,与“绿色环保、高效节能”的可持续发展理念相悖。受自然界生物启发,研究人员开发了新型被动超疏水防冰技术,该技术具有成本低、能耗低和防冰性能优异等优点,具有良好的应用前景。针对新型超疏水型防冰材料,综述了固体表面的超疏水润湿理论进展和固体表面结冰/防冰机理;总结了超疏水防冰表面的自上而下制备方法(激光刻蚀、化学刻蚀、模板法等)和自下而上制备方法(涂层技术、磁控溅射技术、溶胶-凝胶技术和电沉积技术等)。最后,对超疏水防冰材料的局限性进行了讨论,同时对其应用前景和发展趋势进行了展望。

In a cold and high humidity environment,ice and frost are easy to condense on the surfaces of aircraft,railway transportation,wind turbine blades,transmission lines and other equipment,thus reducing work efficiency,affecting the proper use of equipment,and causing huge security risks.Therefore,how to effectively delay the formation of frost on the surfaces of solid materials and promote the removal of ice has become a research hot topic in the field of high-performance materials.Conventionalde-icing methods including mechanical,chemical,and thermal de-icing have the problems of high energy consumption,excessive de-icing waste liquidlow de-icing efficiency,and easy to damage the surface of equipment,which are contrary to the sustainable development concept of“green,environmental protection,high efficiency and ener-gy saving”.Inspired by natural biology,researchers have developed some new passive superhydrophobic anti-icing technologies,which have the advantages of low cost,low energy consumption and excellent anti-ice performance,and perform high application prospect.In this paper,for the new superhydrophobic anti-icing materials,the theoretical progress of superhydrophobic wetting of solid surfaces and the icingand anti-icing mechanism of solid surfaces were reviewed.The top-down preparation methods(laser etching,chemical etching,template method,etc.)and bottom-up preparation methods(coating technology,magnetron sputtering technology,sol-gel technology and electrodeposition technology,etc.)of superhydrophobic anti-icing surface were summarized.Finally,the limitations of superhydrophobic anti-icing materials were discussed,and their application prospect and development trend were forecasted.