如何在拉丁美洲“建造”:重审安赫尔·拉玛与巴尔加斯·略萨之争

How to“Construct”in Latin America:The PolemicÁngel Rama/Vargas Llosa Revisited

重审20世纪70年代初乌拉圭批评家拉玛与秘鲁作家略萨之间围绕文学批评方式而展开的一场论争,拉玛认为略萨推崇的诉诸作家传记信息与个体冲动的批评框架低估了拉美“文学爆炸”的形式创造;与略萨的个体文学观针锋相对,拉玛指出“文学爆炸”的真正创造在于呼应所属共同体的需求而改造文学技术。文章在这一论争的延长线上阅读拉玛其后对秘鲁作家阿格达斯的研究,提出拉美文学中普遍存在着外来技术和本土历史世界的文化互化。重估这一从传统筹划而来的瓦莱里意义上的文学“建造”,有助于廓清拉美文学的真实贡献,也有益于在今日设立有效的文艺批评议程。

This paper attempts to revisit a debate between the Uruguayan critic Rama and the Peruvian writer Vargas Llosa in the early 1970s on the literary criticism.In contrast to Vargas Llosa’s individualistic view of literature,Rama argues that the con⁃tribution of the Latin American literary boom lies in the transformation of literary techniques in response to the social needs of the local community.This paper reads Rama’s subsequent study about the Peruvian writer Arguedas in the context of this debate and suggests that the transculturation of foreign techniques and local historical worlds is prevalent in Latin American literature.A re⁃assessment of this dynamic of literary“construction”helps to clarify the real contribution of Latin American literature and to set an effective literary criticism today.