美韩半导体同盟及其合作困境探析

Analysis of the U.S.-South Korea Semiconductor Alliance and Its Dilemma

美国在构建半导体多边联盟并拉拢盟友共同打压中国半导体产业时,重点关注韩国,因为美韩之间具有优势互补的关系,且韩国在半导体产业领域与中国深度相互依赖。一方面,为促成半导体高端制造回流到本土,美国积极鼓励引导韩国的半导体企业在美投资建厂;另一方面,又通过延伸国内法和组建小团体的方式试图与韩国构建半导体同盟,切断中韩半导体往来。针对美国对韩构建半导体同盟的多项举措,韩国半导体企业和政府在被迫“积极”回应美国投资建厂需求的同时,也对在中美之间“选边站”保持犹豫态度。尹锡悦政府最终屈从压力,初步参与了美国主导的“芯片四方联盟”,希望借此维护和升级美韩同盟、维持韩国的技术优势、从美国对华的技术竞争中暂时获利。尽管如此,从长期来看,美国为服务遏制中国半导体产业而与韩国构筑半导体同盟对韩国是弊大于利的。完全站边美国不仅会使韩国的半导体企业在与中国和美国互动的两个维度受到负面影响,也可能会诱发矛盾和冲突从低级政治领域向高级政治领域溢出。

When the United States builds a multilateral semiconductor alliance and draws allies to jointly contain China’s semiconductor industry,it focuses on South Korea.This is mainly because while the U.S.and South Korea have complementary advantages,South Korea and China are deeply interdependent in the semiconductor industry.On the one hand,in order to promote the return of advanced semiconductor manufacturing to the homeland,the U.S.actively encourages and guides South Korean semiconductor companies to invest in building the factories in the U.S..On the other hand,it tries to build a semiconductor alliance with South Korea by extending domestic laws and forming small groups to cut off South Korea’s ties in the semiconductor industry with China.In response to the U.S.’comprehensive measures to build a semiconductor alliance with South Korea,while South Korean semiconductor companies and the government are forced to“actively”respond to the U.S.’demands for investment and construction of factories in the U.S.,they remain hesitant to“choose sides”between China and the United States.Yoon Suk-yeol’s government finally succumbed to the U.S.’pressure and participated in the U.S.-led Chip 4 alliance in the preliminary stage,hoping to maintain and upgrade the U.S.-South Korea alliance,maintain South Korea’s technology edge,and temporarily profit from the U.S.’technological competition with China.However,in the long run,the U.S.’attempts to forge a semiconductor alliance bwtween the U.S.and South Korea,in order to serve the containment of China’s semiconductor industry,will do more harm than good to South Korea.Taking the U.S.side completely will negatively affect the South Korean semiconductor companies in their interactions with China and the U.S.,and it will induce conflicts to spill over from the low politics to high politics.