类型学视角下的汉语状语小句

Chinese Adverbial Clauses in Typology Perspective

在汉语实际语篇中,各种小句或多或少具有动态与静态、独立与非独立、自足与非自足、限定与非限定等特征,这说明汉语语篇小句具有自由到黏着的连续性质。从跨语言比较与类型学的视角来看,状语小句是一个重要的语法范畴,在语义功能、形态句法上具有许多共性特征。人类语言中存在三种典型的状语小句语法表现形式:状语性从属连接词、特殊动词形式和语序。由此出发,文章探讨汉语中状语小句的和谐性与个性特征。除了用状语性从属连接词来引导,状语小句还可以由副动词或者特殊语序(使用后置词)来编码等;汉语状语小句类别成员相对封闭,大多具有前置性、话题性。状语小句与后续句本质上是“话题-说明”关系,与单句类似。

In the actual Chinese text,various clauses are more or less dynamic and static,inde-pendent and non-independent,self-sufficient and non self-sufficient,finite and infinite,which shows that the clauses have the continuous nature from independent to adhesive.From the perspective of cross-linguistic comparison and typology,the adverbial clause is an important grammatical category,and there are three typical means of realizing adverbial clause in human languages:subordinating conjunctions,converbs and special word order.From this point of view,this paper discusses the harmony and individuality of adverbial clauses in Chinese.Adverbial clauses can be coded by converbs or word order(using postposition)apart from subordinators.In terms of individuality,the adverbial clauses in Chinese are of relatively closed types,and most of them are of prepositiveness and topicality.The adverbial clause and the main clause demonstrate a topic-com ment relationship,just like the general structure of Chinese sentences.