清代玉环厅的移民徙居与海岛开发

Immigration and Island Development of Yuhuan Ting in Qing Dynasty

明洪武二十年至清雍正五年,玉环岛及周边海岛一直处于被迁弃的状态,楚门半岛亦时而展复时而废弃。随海氛渐缓,沿海大量游民潜居、偷垦于诸岛,在地方官员的积极推动下,清廷最终开禁玉环诸岛并设玉环厅管辖。温台移民与闽粤移民是玉环厅移民的主要来源,因地缘文化、生活习性、职业分化等因素影响,其移民空间分布呈现出明显的地域特征。移民的大量徙居,促使玉环厅人口快速增长,沿海水利设施大量兴修,田地山塘垦殖数已比较接近展复前的预估数。村落数量在近150年的时间中增加了一倍多,村落规模逐渐扩大,区域开发呈现由山麓及平原地带向山区及滨海涂地开发的趋势。至少到道光初年,玉环厅已完成深度开发。玉环厅的移民徙居与海岛开发,为我们研究东南沿海的海岛社会提供了重要的参照。

Yuhuan Island and the surrounding islands have been in a state of being abandoned,and the Chumen Peninsula abandoned on occasion from 1387 to 1727.With the coastal crisis lifted,a large number of vagrant living in coastal areas sneaked in and reclaimed the islands.The Qing government finally decided to abolish the ban on Yuhuan Islands and set up the Yuhuan Ting after the active promotion of local officials.The immigration of Yuhuan ting mainly came from the Wenzhou-Taizhou prefecture and Fujian-Guangdong province.Due to factors such as geo-cultural,living habits,occupational differentiation,etc.,the spatial distribution of immigrants presents obvious regional characteristics.The massive immigrants has prompted the rapid population growth of Yuhuan ting.A lot of water conservancy facilities in coastal area have been built and the number of fields reclaimed has been relatively close to the previous estimated.The number of villages has more than doubled in the past 150 years and the scale of villages has gradually expanded.The regional development has shown a trend from the foothills and plains to the mountains and tidal flats.Yuhuan ting has completed in-depth development before the early years of Daoguang.The immigration and island development of Yuhuan ting provides an important reference for us to study the island society in the southeast coast.