“双碳”目标下山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程优先区与技术策略研究

Research of priority areas and technical strategies of the integrated protection and restoration projects for full-array ecosystems with carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals in China

巩固与提升生态系统碳汇能力是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的重要途径之一。生态保护修复对生态系统固碳增汇有着重要影响。2016—2021年,财政部、自然资源部、生态环境部在我国27个省(自治区、直辖市)共支持了三批山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点和第一批山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程,共35个山水工程。通过分析已部署的35个山水工程布局的空间特征和碳汇效益,结合国家重点关注的生态保护修复区域、全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程分布、生态系统碳汇重要区域和敏感区域,探索“双碳”目标下山水工程布局优先区及生态保护修复技术策略。研究发现山水工程的碳汇效益具有空间差异性,且山水工程优先区主要依次分布在青藏高原生态屏障区、东北森林带、长江重点生态区(含川滇生态屏障)、南方丘陵山地带、黄河重点生态区(含黄土高原生态屏障)、北方防沙带等的森林、高原草地、荒漠、岩溶地区等区域。基于此,提出未来山水工程在不同区域的技术策略。在森林生态系统为主地区,不仅要提高森林覆盖度、森林质量,还应当加强生物多样性的保护和土壤碳汇能力的提升;在高原草原及冻土地区应加强草地退化和冻土监测,提高草地质量;在西北荒漠化地区加强碳汇理论技术研究;另外还需加强喀斯特地区双重碳汇效应。因地制宜、取长补短,有针对性地对不同生态系统改善碳汇能力,不仅有助于实现双碳目标,也有利于提升生态保护修复工程的效益。

The promotion of ecosystem carbon storage and sequestration play an important role in achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals.Ecological protection and restoration have profound effects on carbon sequestration in ecosystems.During 2016 to 2019,the related ministries have arranged a total of 35 projects,including three batches of ecological protection and restoration pilot projects and the first batch of integrated protection and restoration projects,across 27 provinces.We analyzed the spatial pattern of ecological protection and restoration projects and its effects on the ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity,and identified the important and sensitive areas of ecosystem carbon sequestration.Considering ecological protection and restoration areas that were highly concerned by the nation,and distribution of major projects for the protection and restoration of important national ecosystems,we explored the priority area and technical strategies of integrated protection and restoration projects of full-array ecosystems under carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals.We found that the changes of ecosystem carbon sequestration in the zone of 25 pilot projects varied with regions.The priority areas were mainly distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecological barrier area,the northern sand prevention belt,the key ecological areas along the Yangtze River,and hilly area in South China where mostly covered by forest,plateau grasslands,deserts,karst areas etc.Accordingly,we proposed technical strategies for the restoration projects in different regions.In forest ecosystem areas,we should not only improve coverage and quality of forest,but also strengthen biodiversity protection and soil carbon sink capacity.In plateau grassland and frozen soil areas,the monitoring of grassland degradation and frozen soil are essential to improve the land quality.In the desertification area of Northwest China,we should focus more on the research of carbon sink theory and technology.In karst areas,the dual carbon sink effect is the key factor which should be taken seriously.The incremental improvement of carbon sinks for different ecosystems according to local conditions will not only help achieve the dual-carbon goal,but also help improve the benefits of ecological protection and restoration projects.