汉文帝刑期改革——《汉书·刑法志》所载规定刑期文本与胡家草场汉律对读

Penal Duration Reform of Emperor Wen of the Western Han:Comparison between Textual Records in Hanshu Xingfazhi and Hujiacaochang Han Law

胡家草场汉律是汉文帝十三年(前167年)刑制改革之后的文本,是目前所见有关此次改革的最早最直接的文字资料。其中与《汉书·刑法志》记文帝改制规定刑期文本相对应的内容,当是据文帝改制诏令而制定的律条,也是诏令入律的实例。通过对读研究,有助于厘清《刑法志》文本的某些问题,同时带来新知。今传《刑法志》可能讹脱髡钳城旦舂刑期。如某些学者之前的判断,颜注所记鬼薪白粲刑期文字应该本属于正文;“前令之刑城旦舂岁”之“岁”指年数,义同刑期,改制之前的刑城旦舂的刑期比照完城旦舂进行减免。“及作如司寇二岁”之“司寇”可能本有重文符号,后世讹脱。“作如司寇”这一称谓应是文帝改制的产物,表明当时对司寇这一等级刑徒称谓也进行了规范。有关不得用令的两种犯罪行为的具体内容和规定,《刑法志》的记载和胡家草场汉律差别较大,清晰显现出律对诏令的调整、细化和补充。胡家草场汉律表明,中国古代法制史上具有重大意义的文帝刑制改革,以文帝十三年四月丁巳为时间节点而正式开启。

The Hujiacaochang Han Law was compiled after the Legal Reform of Emperor Wen in the Western Han,and it is to date the earliest and most direct textual records regarding the event.Its content corresponds to Emperor Wen's reform of penal duration regulations recorded in Hanshu Xingfazhi,which should be the legal clause formulated based on Emperor Wen's reform decree as well as the material evidence for the integration of the imperial decree into the legal code.Our comparative study contributes to clarifying several issues regarding the texts of Xingfazhi and to creating new insights.The current edition of Xingfazhi may be erroneous in the Kun qian cheng dan chong penal duration.Some have suggested that the Gui xin bai can penal duration in Yanshigu's annotation of the Book of Han should belong to the main body of the text;that"Sui"in"Qian ling zhi xing cheng dan chong sui"indicate the number of years,which is equivalent to penal duration;and that the penal duration of Xing cheng dan chong prior to the reform should be deducted according to Wan cheng dan chong.The"Si kou"in"Ji zuo ru si kou er sui"probably bears a reduplication marker that is lost during later transcription.The appellation"zuo ru si kou"is believed to have originated from the reform,which signaled a standardization of the title for the criminal convicts at the rank of Si kou at the time.There is a fundamental difference between the Hujiacaochang Han Law and Xingfazhi in regards to the specific contents and provisions of the two types of criminal behaviors of Bu de yong ling,which clearly demonstrates how the legal code adjusts,elaborates upon,and supplements the imperial decree.The Hujiacaochang Han Law reveals that Emperor Wen's legal reform officially began with the Dingsi day in the fourth lunar month of the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen's reign(167 BCE).