企业家精神对经济体跨越发展陷阱的影响研究

A Study on the Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economies Overcoming Development Traps

如何避免落入不同收入阶段中的发展陷阱是每个经济体面临的重要挑战。通过构建企业家精神、经济循环与经济体发展陷阱跨越理论框架,探析了企业家精神影响经济体跨越发展陷阱的作用机理,并利用2002—2017全球创业观察(GEM)数据进行实证检验。研究发现:发展陷阱本质是经济体无法从低收入经济循环向高收入经济循环转换的一种发展状态,而企业家精神则是推动经济系统这一转换的“扳道工”;然而,经济体能否跨越发展陷阱与其企业主密度关联性较弱,原因是企业主群体具有结构性特征;具有企业家精神的企业主—企业家,通过实施要素新组合的创新活动,打破旧有低收入经济循环,推动经济体进入新的更高收入经济循环,因此创新型企业家占比增加有利于经济体跨越发展陷阱;履行管理职能的企业主—高级经理人,拒绝毁灭性创新带来的经济破坏,固守于旧有经济循环,因此管理型高级经理人占比提高加大了经济体落入发展陷阱风险。

How to avoid falling into the development trap in different income stages is an important challenge for every econo⁃my.By constructing a theoretical framework of entrepreneurship,economic cycle and development trap crossing,the mecha⁃nism of the role of entrepreneurship in influencing economies to cross the development trap is explored and empirically tested using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)data from 2002-2017.The study found that the development trap is essential⁃ly a state of development in which an economy is unable to shift from a low-income to a high-income economic cycle,and that entrepreneurship is the“switchman”that drives this transition of the economic system.However,the correlation between the ability of an economy to overcome the development trap and its business owner density is weak,due to the structural char⁃acteristics of the business owners group.Entrepreneurial business owners-entrepreneurs break the old low-income economic cycle and drive the economy into a new higher-income economic cycle by implementing innovative activities with new combi⁃nations of factors,thus an increase in the share of innovative entrepreneurs facilitates the economy to overcome the develop⁃ment trap.Business owners-senior managers,who perform managerial functions,refuse the economic disruption caused by destructive innovation and cling to the old economic cycle.Thus the increase in the share of managerial senior managers in⁃creases the risk of the economy falling into a development trap.By redefining development traps,the article brings the devel⁃opment traps of low-income,middle-income and high-income stages into a unified analytical framework,which is condu⁃cive to a general and universal explanation of economic development phenomena such as the“Malthusian”dilemma,the“Kluderman-Young”curse and the“Japanese disease”stagnation.Based on the findings of the study,the following policy implications are proposed:First,the role of entrepreneurship in crossing the development trap of an economy should be clari⁃fied and the social status of entrepreneurs should be effectively improved.Second,we should actively create a policy environ⁃ment for the cultivation of entrepreneurship,and give full play to the positive role of entrepreneurs in promoting the economy to overcome the development trap.Third,adhere to the principle of competition neutrality,promote the survival of the fittest,form a good mechanism for the entry and exit of enterprises,and reduce the resistance of the economy to overcome the devel⁃opment trap.