我国少数民族人口数量及分布的新态势——基于第七次全国人口普查数据的解析

The New Situation of the Number and Distribution for Ethnic Minority Population in China:Analysis Based on the Seventh National Census Bulletin

根据第七次全国人口普查数据,并结合历次人口普查民族人口资料,研究了我国少数民族人口数量以及人口分布的变化趋势、分布特征及影响因素。在人口总量方面,2010—2020年我国少数民族人口增加了1335.08万人,增长了11.92%,是同期中国内地人口增幅(5.77%)的2.07倍,这个比值仅低于大量更改民族身份的1982—1990年。主要原因是第六次全国人口普查的少数民族登记人口低于真实值。2020年人口普查采用了身份证登记措施,加上国家开展精准脱贫工程的原因,使得第七次全国人口普查获得了比较准确的少数民族人口数量。另外,当前逐步增长的各民族族际通婚率使得近年来我国少数民族人口出现了较高的增长。在人口分布方面,东部地区少数民族快速增长,2020年已经成为我国少数民族人口数量第二多的地区,全国少数民族人口分布格局发生了显著改变。2010年全国有5个县级行政区划没有少数民族人口分布,2020年达到全部县级行政区划均有少数民族人口分布。2020年55个少数民族中有49个民族县级行政区划数量比2010年有了显著提高,6个民族有所减少。研究构造了人口分布相对均匀度指标,2020年我国少数民族省级人口分布相对均匀度为38.25%,县级人口分布相对均匀度为60.34%,分别比2010年提高了3.59个百分点、2.87个百分点。在人口分布变动的影响因素方面,2020年我国少数民族人口流动率达到26.90%,每10万人大学文化程度人数达到11596人。人口流动和受教育水平的提高,促进了少数民族人口从传统聚居区向经济发达地区扩散,最终影响了我国少数民族人口的分布。当前我国少数民族人口分布呈现出“大流动、大融居”的格局,研究为铸牢中华民族共同体意识奠定了现实基础,提供了有力支撑。

Based on the data of the seventh national population census and the ethnic population data of previous population censuses,this paper studies the changing trend,distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the number and distribution of minority population in China.From 2010 to 2020,the number of minority population in China increased by 13.3508 million,an increase of 11.92%,which is 2.07 times that of the mainland population(5.77%)in the same period.This ratio is only lower than that of 1982-1990,when a large number of ethnic identities were changed.The main reason is that the registered ethnic minority population of the sixth national census is lower than the real value.The adoption of ID registration measures in the 2020 census,coupled with the country’s targeted poverty alleviation project,has enabled the seventh national census to obtain a more accurate number of minority population.In addition,the increasing intermarriage rate among ethnic groups has led to a relatively high growth in the population of ethnic minorities in China in recent years.In terms of population distribution,since the reform and opening up,the ethnic minorities in the eastern region have grown rapidly.By 2020,it has become the second largest minority population area in China,and the distribution pattern of the national minority population has changed significantly.In 2010,five county-level administrative divisions had no minority population,and in 2020,all county-level administrative divisions had minority population.The number of county-level administrative divisions in 2020 for 49 of the 55 ethnic minorities has significantly increased compared with 2010,while that for 6 ethnic minorities has decreased.The index of relative evenness of population distribution has been studied and constructed.In 2020,the relative evenness of population distribution at the provincial level of ethnic minorities in China is 38.25%,and the relative evenness of population distribution at the county level is 60.34%,which is 3.59 percentage points and 2.87 percentage points higher than that in 2010 respectively.In terms of influencing factors of population distribution changes,the mobility rate of minority population in China reaches 26.90%in 2020,where the number of people with college education level will reach 11596 per 100000 population.The improvement of population mobility and education level have promoted the spread of ethnic minority population from traditional residential areas to economically developed areas,and ultimately affected the distribution of ethnic minority population in China.At present,the population distribution of ethnic minorities in China presents a pattern of great mobility and integration.The research has laid a realistic foundation and provided a strong support for building a strong sense of the Chinese national community.