中国少数民族人口老龄化现状及挑战

The Current Situation and Challenges of Population Aging of Chinese Ethnic Minorities

准确把握我国少数民族人口老龄化态势是积极应对少数民族人口老龄化的前提与关键。利用2000—2020年三次全国人口普查数据,系统分析我国少数民族人口老龄化的最新特征与发展趋势,并探讨我国少数民族老龄问题和积极应对措施。研究发现,2020年少数民族60岁及以上老年人口比例达到13.10%,人口老龄化呈现加速增长态势,但老龄化进程慢于汉族。少数民族老年人口呈现高龄化和女性化特征,人口老龄化城乡倒置现象明显。此外,少数民族老年人口主要集中于壮族、满族、回族等人口较多的民族中,39个少数民族已进入老龄社会或老龄化社会阶段,各民族人口老龄化水平的分化进一步增大。各民族地区人口老龄化进程加快,老年人主要生活来源为家庭供养,老年空巢家庭规模持续增长,老年人家庭空巢化现象凸显。少数民族人口老龄化既是我国各民族共同繁荣发展的重要体现,也为少数民族和民族地区的养老保障与养老服务带来了诸多挑战。一是民族地区养老保障发展滞后于少数民族人口老龄化进程;二是伴随少数民族人口老龄化,民族地区养老服务需求迅速增加,养老服务体系建设还需破解多重挑战;三是面对各少数民族和民族地区人口老龄化进程与经济、文化、地域特征的差异,应对少数民族老龄问题要进一步精准施策。研究从提高积极老龄观认识水平、发展民族区域经济、健全养老保障体系、发展特色养老服务和互助养老等方面提出积极应对少数民族人口老龄化的政策建议。

Accurately grasping the current situation and development of the population aging of Chinese ethnic minorities is the premise and key for actively coping with the population aging of ethnic minorities.This study uses the data of the three national censuses from 2000 to 2020 to systematically analyze the latest characteristics and development trends of population aging of Chinese ethnic minorities,and discusses the aging issues of ethnic minorities and their active countermeasures.This study finds that the proportion of elderly population of ethnic minorities aged 60 and above overreached 13.10%in 2020,and the degree of population aging of ethnic minorities has increased faster but is not as fast as that of the Han Chinese.The ethnic minorities’elderly population has the characteristics of aging and feminization,and the phenomenon of urban-rural inversion of population aging is obvious.In addition,the elderly population of ethnic minorities is mainly distributed in Zhuang,Manchu,Hui and other ethnic minorities with a large population.More than 39 ethnic minorities have entered the stage of aged society or aging society,which is leading further widened differences in the degree of population aging among various ethnic minorities.In ethnic areas,the process of population aging is accelerating.Family support is the main source of income for the elderly.The number of empty-nest elderly households has increased,and the phenomenon of empty-nest elderly households has become notable.The population aging of ethnic minorities is an important manifestation of the common prosperity and development of the whole nation,but it also has brought many challenges to the elderly support and elderly care of ethnic minorities and ethnic areas.Firstly,the development of elderly support in minority areas lags behind the aging process of minority population.Secondly,with the aging of ethnic minorities population,the demand for elderly care has increased rapidly,which requires to focus on many problems to be solved in the construction of the elderly care system.Thirdly,it’s necessary to further take targeted measures to cope with the population aging of ethnic minorities,facing the differences in the process of population aging as well as economic,cultural,and regional characteristics of ethnic minorities and ethnic areas.This study puts forward suggestions to actively cope with the population aging of ethnic minorities from the aspects of raising awareness of active aging,boosting the ethnic regional economy,improving the elderly support system,and developing elderly care and mutual-aid care with local ethnic characteristics.