独家版权协议构成垄断的认定与规制:音乐版权的例证

Identification and Regulation of Exclusive Copyright Agreement Monopoly:An Example of Music Copyright

独家版权协议必然导致垄断吗?2021年,市场监管总局要求音乐服务平台放弃独家版权协议,但并未说明独家版权协议对社会福利水平的整体影响。独家版权协议在不同发展阶段分别表现出竞争效应与垄断风险,独家版权规模、市场交易成本是判断独家版权协议是否构成垄断的权衡因素。构建Hotelling模型分别对“完全独家版权”“禁止独家版权”“附条件独家版权”三种授权模式下的社会福利水平进行数理分析,发现:“完全独家版权”会造成垄断福利损失;“禁止独家版权”会造成交易成本福利损失;“附条件独家版权”可以平衡二者实现社会福利水平最大化,但需附加严格控制独家版权授权比例等条件。因此,要改革音乐集体管理制度以促进附条件独家授权的实现,形成对音乐版权市场的有效监管。

Does exclusive copyright agreement lead to monopoly necessarily?In 2021,the State Administration for Market Regulation asked music service platforms to abandon exclusive copyright agreements,but did not specify the overall impact of exclusive copyright agreements on social welfare levels.The competitive effects and monopoly risks of exclusive copyright agreements vary at different stages of development,and the scale of exclusive copyrights and transaction costs in the market are factors to consider when assessing whether exclusive copyright agreements constitute a monopoly.By constructing a"Hotelling model",this paper makes mathematical analysis on the social welfare levels under three authorization modes including"complete exclusive copyright","prohibited exclusive copyright"and"conditional exclusive copyright",It is found that"complete exclusive copyright"will result in monopoly welfare losses,"prohibited exclusive copyright"will result in transaction cost welfare losses,and"conditional exclusive copyright"can balance the two to maximize social welfare levels,but strict control over the proportion of exclusive copyright authorizations is required.Therefore,it is necessary to reform the music collective management system to promote the realization of conditional exclusive copyright authorizations and form effective supervision of the music copyright market.