千家寨野生型茶树与栽培型茶树叶片解剖结构及生理特性

Leaf anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of wild and cultivated tea trees in Qianjiazhai

以云南省镇沅县千家寨野生型古茶树(大理茶种)、栽培型古茶树(阿萨姆种)和栽培型台地茶(阿萨姆种)为研究材料,对叶片的解剖结构、生理特性和营养元素含量及其计量比进行测定。结果表明:野生古茶树叶片厚度、叶肉厚度、表皮厚度、角质层厚度、海绵组织厚度以及光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性和碳含量等指标的值较大;而栽培型古茶树叶片的氮、磷元素含量较高,与野生型古茶树相比,叶片厚度、叶肉厚度等指标无显著差异,且两种古茶树叶片解剖学指标和营养元素含量具有较大的可塑性和变异性;栽培型台地茶叶片水分状况和光合产物的运输能力较强,具体表现为栅栏组织厚度、主脉厚度和主脉突起度等指标相对较大;野生型和栽培型古茶树具有较强的环境适应能力,且叶片、叶肉以及海绵组织都较厚,推测二者叶片内含物更丰富,更有利于成品茶条索的完整度和耐泡度的提升,适合制作优质普洱茶;栽培型台地茶叶片薄且生长快,更有助于高产、旺产,适宜制作中高档或大宗茶类。研究结果可为解析古茶树和台地茶的成茶品质差异及野生古茶树的保护提供科学依据。

We compared the differences of leaf anatomical structure,physiological index,nutrient concentrations,and nutrient stoichiometry among wild ancient tea tree(Camellia taliensis)in Qianjiazhai Nature Reserve,cultiva-ted ancient tea tree(C.sinensis var.assamica)and cultivated tableland tea tree(C.sinensis var.assamica)in Zhen-yuan County,Yunnan Province.The results showed that leaf thickness,mesophyll thickness,epidermis thickness,cuticle thickness,sponge tissue thickness,photosynthetic pigment content,antioxidant enzyme activity,and carbon content in wild ancient tea tree were higher than those in the two cultivated tea trees.The contents of nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in cultivated ancient tea tree,and there were no differences in leaf thickness and mesophyll thickness compared with wild ancient tea tree.The anatomical indices and nutrient contents of two types of ancient tea trees showed great plasticity and variation.The transportation ability of water and photosynthetic products in leaves of tableland tea tree was stronger,indicated by the higher values of palisade tissue,main vein thickness,and main vein protuberance.The wild and cultivated ancient tea plants had strong adaptability to environmental changes.The thicker leaves,mesophyll and spongy tissue suggested that leaves of ancient tea had abundant components,which is more conducive to the twisted integrity and brewing resistance of tea products and more suitable for the production of high-quality Pu'er tea.The leaves of tableland tea were thin and grew fast,which is more conducive to high and prosperous yield,and suitable for producing bulk tea products.Our results provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the differences of tea quality between cultivated ancient tea and tableland tea trees,and the conservation of wild ancient tea trees.