清代扎萨克旗巴嘎组织的构成及其性质

The Structure and Character of Bagh Organization under the Jasagh Banner in the Qing Period

清代的巴嘎(或鄂托克)是扎萨克管理旗民的组织,有些是以旗民身份分类设立,有些则是按居住地划分,由扎萨克委任官员管理。每个巴嘎大约由五十户组成,几个巴嘎的箭丁构成一个苏木(佐领)。巴嘎不是明代鄂托克组织的保留或延续,也不是以主从关系构成的王公台吉的私属民组织。扎萨克旗的箭丁、随丁是国家编民,扎萨克和非扎萨克王公台吉与其原属民保留着主从关系,向箭丁征收赋税,役使定额随丁护卫,但是无权将他们占为私有或杀害、买卖。

Bagh or Otogh was an organization that the Jasagh Noyan used to manage members of a banner,some Bagh classified members by status,while some divided the members by residence.The Jasagh Noyan appointed an officer to administer the Bagh.A Bagh would have about fifty households,the quyagh of several Bagh composed a sumu.The bagh was not the preservation or continuance of the older Otogh organization of the Ming dynasty,also it was not an organization created by Mongolian nobility to impose a master and servant.The members of Quyagh and Qamjilgh-a of Jasagh banner were commoners.Even though Mongolian nobility maintained a superior-inferior relationship with them,levied taxes on Quyagh and used Qamjilgh-a labor as bodyguards,they could not possess them as private property,kill them,or sell them.