乾隆朝奉天两次官制改革探析

An Exploration and Analysis of Administrative Reforms in the Fengtian Region in the Qianlong Reign

乾隆初期,为简化奉天司法程序,终止旗民会审,统治者选择在官制领域寻求突破。十五年,令旗员铨补州县。二十七年,旗民聚赌案、高锦贪腐案、赫木偷参案及郭纬殴差案相继暴露出第一次改革的不足,迫使乾隆帝做出第二次变革,令奉天将军节制府尹。“旗员铨补”政策成功实现了司法管辖权的转移,冲击和重塑了奉天旧有选官制度,同时也加速吏治腐化;“将军节制府尹”则因无例遵循,导致政策施行多流于形式。两次改革先后被废除,改革暴露出统治者以官制手段弥补司法缺陷的思维定式以及根深蒂固的满汉畛域思想。

Early in the Qianlong reign,the emperor tried to make a breakthrough in the official system to simplify the judicial procedures in Fengtian and to terminate joint trials of bannermen in cases involving Han commoners.In 1750 the emperor ordered bannermen to replace Han control of prefectures and counties.But a series of cases in 1762 like the Gambling Case(between Bannermen and common people),the Gao Jin Corruption Case,the Robberies of Ginseng in Hermu,and offcials beating of Guo Wei,exposed the shortcomings of the reform.This situation forced the emperor to make a second reform,ordering Fengtian general to control the prefectural magistrate.The policy of using bannermen to"supplement administration"succeeded in transferring the judicial management,challenged and reshaped the original system of official selection,and accelerated the corruption of local officials at the same time;while ordering the general's control over the prefectural magistrate was mostly a formality because there were no regulations to implement the change.Eventually,the two reforms were repealed.These reforms exposed the stereotypical mindset of the ruler that administrative reform could make up for judicial defects and the deep-rooted thought of Man-Han distinction.