丙午中央官制变革再研究——侧重新官制文本制定与反响的探讨

A Further Study of the Central Government System Reform in 1906:The Formulation of and Responses to the New Official System Texts

在新官制文本草拟时,丙午改制呈现出与既有印象不同的特点:趋新改革的急迫与人事安排的平衡并行。就新官制的文本制定过程而言,从草拟大纲到修正、核定奏本,已非仅从改革派意愿,一定程度上也受到守旧者意见影响;而慈禧最终裁定的新官制文本,依然以折中平衡、求稳为主旨,并未呈现明显的重满抑汉倾向,甚至还增加了用人不分满汉的表述。但就实际影响而言,新官制文本公布后引发了各方的失望情绪。新官制文本虽然体现了折中平衡,改制后的人事安排也试图平衡满汉,但并未形成制度化的用人规制,平衡极易被打破。

When a plan for the new civil service system was drafted,the 1906 reform showed characteristics contrary the existing impression:the urgency of reform and the constraint on balancing of personnel went hand in hand.As far as the formulation process of the new civil service system was concerned,from drafting the outline to revising and approving the memorials,the plan not only reflected the wishes of the innovators,but the opinions of the conservatives to a certain extent also influenced the draft.However,the new civil service system text that Cixi finally approved still took compromise,balance,and stability as the main objective,and draft did not show an obvious tendency of emphasizing Manchu and restraining Han.The reform even added the expression that employment was not divided between Manchu and Han.However,as far as the actual impact was concerned,the release of the new civil service system reform disappointed all parties.Although the text of the new civil service system embodied a balanced compromise,and personnel arrangements after the reform tried to balance the Manchu and Han interests,the employment practice was not institutionalized in regulations,and the ethnic balance was very easily broken.