从杨光先到魏源:清代文化保守主义的文本脉络

From Yang Guangxian to Wei Yuan:One Origin of Cultural Conservatism of the Qing Dynasty

杨光先《不得已》作为清初反西学文献的代表,在康熙历狱后逐渐淡出士人视野。嘉庆四年,黄丕烈偶然购得《不得已》,引发钱大昕、阮元、李锐等朴学家的讨论,孙星衍与凌廷堪围绕杨光先是“圣人之徒”还是“浅妄不足道”意见相左。鸦片战争后,随着中西局势变化,杨光先成为文化保守主义的象征和符号,《不得已》频现于晚清士人的阅读世界中。魏源《海国图志》曾长篇征引《不得已》,很多人是经由魏源而接触到杨光先,于是“开眼看世界”之作反变为极端排外的《辟邪纪实》等书的思想源头之一,反映出文本的多重阅读面向。《不得已》阅读史是清代思想史的一个缩影。

The Budeyi written by Yang Guangxian was the most famous Chinese anti-Western text during the early Qing Dynasty.Nevertheless,it was gradually forgotten by scholars after the end of"Calendar Lawsuit"in 1669.One hundred and thirty years later,Huang Pilie accidentally bought Budeyi,thereby triggering the enthusiasm for reading it among the scholars of Qian-Jia School,such as Qian Daxin,Ruan Yuan,and Li Rui.Ling Tingkan accused Yang Guangxian of being a shallow person,while Sun Xingyan treated Yang Guangxian as a Confucian sage.After the Opium War,along with the changing power dynamics between China and the West,Yang Guangxian further became a symbol of cultural conservatism.Budeyi continued to appear in the reading scope of Chinese scholars during the late Qing.Wei Yuan's Haiguo Tuzhi cited several passages from Budeyi,and many people knew Yang Guangxian through reading Haiguo Tuzhi.Haiguo Tuzhi is regarded as a pioneer book on the Western learning.However,it provided sources of some extremely xenophobic books,such as Pixie Jishi,which reflects the complexity and contradiction of the work.The history of Budeyi provides a microcosm of the intellectual history of the Qing Dynasty.