“筹办要塞”:与众不同的清末军方筹议蒙古“新政”方案——以宣统三年军谘府蒙古边务调查报告文献为中心

"Preparing Fortresses":An Unusual Late Qing Military Plan for Mongolia's"New Deal"--the Investigation Reports of Mongolian Border Affairs in the Third Year of Xuantong

中国国家图书馆所收藏的《调查蒙古边务意见》与《库恰间军事调查报告》两份历史文献,事涉外蒙古独立前夕军谘府高层有关在外蒙古施行“新政”的规划,因其关系国防,内容敏感,传阅范围极其有限,故而久不为我国的近代史和蒙古史学界所熟稔和重视。文章从对两部史料的文本分析入手,首先确定二者的成书背景及之间的关系,进而以该史料中重点涉及的“筹办俄清边境要塞”之内容为切入点,还原清末军方最高参谋机关曾经制订“对俄作战计划”这一不为人知的尘封史事,以展现中国近代化历程中新兴的青年职业军人群体在正面应对帝国主义入侵、努力维护边疆安全稳定一事上的一次大胆尝试。

The two historical materials,Comments on Investigating Mongolian Frontier Affairs and Report on Military Investigation in Urga-Khiyakta,collected by the National Library of China,are related to the plan of the senior military advisors to implement the"New Deal"in Outer Mongolia on the eve of Outer Mongolia's independence.Given these two documents are related to national defense and their contents'sensitivity,the circulation of these two documents is extremely limited,so they have not been familiarized and valued by the circles of scholars dedicated to early modern history and Mongolian history of our country for a long time.Starting with the textual analysis of the two historical materials,this article first determines the background of these two documents and the relationship between them,and then takes the content of"preparing the Russian-Qing border fortress"as a breakthrough point to restore the"Operation Plan against Russia"proposed by top military officers in late Qing Dynasty.This event unveiled in the historical materials shows the boldness of the emerging young professional soldiers in the process of China's modernization in facing the imperialist invasion and their striving to maintain the security and stability of the frontier.