摘要
在民粹主义政治危机和新冠疫情公共卫生危机下,新自由主义已充分暴露了自身的限度。新自由主义危机有多重表现,其中之一是对脆弱性的忽视,而新冠疫情又放大了这一点。对人的脆弱性的无视主要原因是占有性个人主义成了占统治地位的意识形态,在这一意识形态中,资本主义的剥削、压追和脆弱性等等都以个人责任名义被中立化、合法化了。新自由主义时代人们遭受的脆弱性之苦既是普遍的,也是不平等的。当人们面对这种个人责任无法消化的脆弱性时,自认为是被遗弃的选民往往将民粹主义视作自我赋能的政治选项。民粹主义既有包容性的,也有排斥性的,在新冠疫情之下,我们需要一个既直面脆弱性又不堕入排他性民粹主义的政治学。
Neoliberalism has exposed its limits under the political crisis of populism and the public health crisis of the Covid-19 Pandemic.These two different types of phenomena both highlight a neglect of the multiple forms of vulnerabilities in Western society dominated by neoliberalism.The Covid-19 Pandemic.has amplified the universality and uneven characteristics of the vulnerabilities that people experience,and how neoliberalism institutionalizes this neglect of vulnerability and care.When"possessive individualism"which ignores vulnerabilities became the dominant ideology in the Western societies,multiple forms of exploitation,oppression and vulnerabilities produced by capitalism are neutralized and legitimatized with an appeal to the concept of personal responsibility.From the political scene,to deal with these constant unresolved vulnerabilities,many voters who feel left behind sought populism as a political option for self-empowerment.From Laclau and Butler's critical analysis of the vulnerability and affective dimension of subjectivity,we can see that populism provides its supporters a political identity and a way out to the neoliberal non-choice between pre-packaged political candidates.However,there may be two populist variants of inclusive and exclusive populism.Finally,this article briefly discusses Fineman's political theory of vulnerability,and argues that a political theory that focuses on vulnerability should be envisioned in the current historical conjecture.
