近世后期日本回船贸易的发展及其对幕藩体制的冲击

The Trade Development of Sailing Ship and Its Impact on Bakuhan System in the Late Edo Period of Japan

江户时期,德川幕府通过大阪中央市场和特权商人集团管控国内贸易,维系幕府统治。到江户后期,随着沿岸航运的日渐发达,联通全国的航运交通网开始形成。西南诸藩借助西日本濑户内海的区位优势,依靠回船贸易成功摆脱了财政困境,同时又因位处迎击西方“黑船”的前沿位置,不得不积累财富并加强武备。回船贸易带来的财富积累,让西南诸藩具备了可以对抗幕府的经济实力,也让其统治者及有识之士坚定了贸易致富甚至开国通商的想法。由此,“黑船来航”成为西南诸藩主张开国通商的借口,更成为促使日本推行幕末改革、开启明治新时代的外部契机。“萨长同盟”则成为推翻幕府统治的内部政治力量,推动日本走上倒幕维新之路。

In the period of Edo,Tokugawa Bakufu had controlled goods supplying by controlling Osaka central market and business groups in cities,so as to control domains'economy and maintain its governance.However,shipping traffic network across the whole country began to form during the late Edo period.Domains in south-west Japan succeeded in finding a way out of their finance dilemma by the profit from shipping trade,taking advantage of their location around Seto Inland Sea in West Japan.Meanwhile,as domains in south-west Japan were in the front-line position to meet“Black Ship”,they had to purchase steam ships and weapons so as to strengthen their defense.Wealth accumulation by sailing ships’shipping trade had not only given them economic strength to oppose Bakufu,but also made up the idea of getting profit by shipping trade and opening up to trade.“Black Ship”had become not only the discourse to open up for foreign trade,but also an external factor bringing out the revolution in the end of Edo period as well as the Meiji Restoration,and Satcho Alliance had become the internal political power to knock down Bakufu and start the Meiji period.