明清湖湘地区庙学建筑布局及其形制演变刍议——以湘潭庙学为例

On the Evolution of Confucianism Architecture Layout and Configuration in Hunan During Ming and Qing Dynasty--Take the Xiangtan Confucianism Architecture as an Example

地方文庙通常是“儒学”中的祭祀建筑遗存,儒学另一核心建筑是“明伦堂”。湖湘地区自汉代就建设有官学,至清代已建成庙学建筑有79处。笔者通过详细考证湘潭庙学建设的历史沿革、布局与形制演变,再由个案推及到明清时期整个湖湘地区庙学建筑的探讨,并阐述其成因,发现庙学建设发生如下改变:1)在建设规模上,由早期庙、学并重,发展为文庙扩大,而儒学骤减;2)在布局上,由前后共轴发展为左右并置;3)形制上,文庙的建设内容有所增加,儒学减少,作为“明人伦之所”的儒学建筑明伦堂仅具有象征意义。

Local Confucian temples are usually the remains of the sacrificial architecture in“Confucianism”,and another important architecture is the"Ming lun Hall".Since the Han Dynasty,official schools was built in Hunan,and by the Qing Dynasty,the number of Confucian temples has reached 79.Based on the detailed research on the historical evolution,layout and shape evolution of construction of Xiangtan Confucian Temple.Then from the independent case to discuss the all Confucian temples in Hunan during Ming and Qing Dynasty,we find the following changes in the construction of Confucian temples:First,On the scale,Confucian temple is almost the same as Confucianism in the early days,but to the middle and late,Confucian temple is more important than Minglun Hall,which was reduced dramatically.Second,In the construction layout,It developed to which is from the front and back layout of the shared axis to the left and right layout with two axes.Third,in the configuration,the contents of Confucian Temple had been increased and Confucianism’s reduced,As a Confucian building,It is more symbolic than functional.