性别角色的建构与形塑——以芭蕉坪苗族女红艺人为例

The Construction and Shaping of Gender Roles:A Case Study of Miao Needlework Artists in Bajiaoping

苗族妇女是苗族女红技艺的主要承载者和传承主体,女红技艺贯穿其生命史中的各个阶段和领域。苗族女红艺人作为芭蕉坪苗族妇女社会性别表达的一个缩影,其建构与形塑过程受具体时空情境下的妇女经济角色、外界舆论压力、妇女规范等本地性别规范要素的影响,女红技艺使芭蕉坪苗族妇女以女红艺人的身份自居并在各种条件和动机下不断地进行技艺实践与操演,加深角色的自我认同与内在化程度。同时,苗族妇女并不是被动地接受社会既定的性别角色,她们遵从性别规范进行女红作业并以此获取角色认同、获享劳动回报,但第二性次要身份的掣肘使得苗族妇女难以突破传统性别规范的桎梏,从而成为社会性别角色期待中的苗族女红艺人。

Miao women are the main bearer and the main body of inheritance of needlework,and the needlework runs through all stages and fields in their life history.As a microcosm of the social gender expression of the Miao women in Bajiaoping,the construction and shaping process of the Miao needlework artists is affected by the local gender norms such as women’s economic role,external public opinion pressure,and women’s norms in the specific time and space situation.They enable the Miao women in Bajiaoping to live as needlework artists and continue to practice and perform their skills under various conditions and motivations,which deepens the role’s self-identification and internalization.At the same time,Miao women do not passively accept the established gender roles in society.They follow the gender norms to carry out needlework and gain role recognition and enjoy labor returns.However,the constraints of secondary sexual status make it difficult for Miao women to break through the shackles of traditional gender norms,and thus become Miao needlework artists in the expectation of gender roles.