民国时期中国东北的森林国有化与央地关系变迁

Nationalization of Forests and Changes in Central-Local Relations in Northeast China during the Republican Period

清末民初,在内忧外患的情境下,中国朝野逐渐认识到“森林国有”的重要性。北京政府将东北的天然森林划为国有,并设东三省林务局进行统一管理,希望以此强化边疆控制并重建中央权威。然而,中央直辖林务局的设置遭到东三省地方军政实力集团的抵抗,进而引发了中央政府和地方政府围绕国有林管理权和收益权的纠纷,以及林、矿部门间关于国有林采伐权的争夺。本文利用东三省档案馆的林务局档案,考察民国时期内忧外患情形下“森林国有”理念在中国东北的落地和纠葛。这一时期,北京政府和东三省地方实力派围绕国有森林的管理权展开博弈,既有合作又有冲突,从而引发了从中央到地方层面政治和经济治理结构的变化,深刻影响了东北边疆森林的管理体系和空间秩序。

State-owned forests were gradually recognized by the Chinese government during the late Qing Dynasty and early Republican period in the context of internal and external crises.The Beijing government nationalized the northeastern forests and established a Forestry Bureau directly under the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce for unified management in an effort to regain control of the frontier and reestablish central authority.However,the establishment of the centrally-administered Forestry Bureau was met with resistance from local military and political forces in the three eastern provinces.Conflicts over state forest revenues and disputes over ownership of state forests resulted between the central and local governments.By examining the Forestry Bureau archives in three eastern provinces,this paper examines the landing and entanglement of the concept of“state-owned forests”during the Republican era in northeastern China.During this period,the Beijing government and local authorities in the three eastern provinces played around with the control of state-owned forests,both cooperating and conflicting,thus triggering changes in political and economic governance structures from the central to the local levels,profoundly affecting the northeastern frontier forests'management system and spatial order.