福岛核污染水问题的生成、发展与深层动因分析

An Analysis of the Origin,Development and Motivation of the FukushimaNuclear - contaminated Water Issue

福岛核事故是迄今人类历史上最为严重的核事故,由于其特殊复杂性,包括妥善管理超大量核污染水在内的事故善后处理工程是一项史无前例的艰巨挑战。2021年,日本政府决定将处理后的核污染水排海,并计划于2023年春夏之际开始实施。梳理日本政府和东京电力公司应对核污染水的历史过程可发现,无论是民主党执政时期任由企业独撑危局的“无政府状态”,还是朝野更替后自民党安倍晋三内阁高调宣布“国家介入”,相关责任方“少快好省”“一排了之”的基本思路始终未变,其核污染水对策未能从根本上解决问题。面对仍需继续努力解决的核污染水难题,日本当局不是从改善治理对策、寻求更优方案入手,而是基于混淆是非、本末倒置的政治操弄,做出核污染水排海的决定。此外,核事故处理战略规划与现实的“不适配”、2020年东京奥运会的国家形象建构、日本重返核电的经济产业政策与日美借核事故危机稳固深化西方联盟的“新冷战”战略等因素,也在深层结构上制约了日本处理核污染水对策的路径选择。福岛核事故已经造成难以估量的大规模放射性物质的泄漏,如果日本政府一意孤行强推排海作业,不仅将长期持续污染海洋生态系统和整体自然环境,也必将在人类历史中留下难以抹去的污点。

The Fukushima nuclear crisis is by far the most serious nuclear crisis in human history.Due to its special complexity,the post-crisis treatment project,including the proper management of the excessive amount of nuclear-contaminated water,is an unprecedented and arduous challenge.In 2021,the Japanese government decided to decontaminate and discharge the water into the ocean and planned to implement the project at the time of spring and summer of 2023.By reviewing the historical process of the Japanese government and the Tokyo Electric Power Company in dealing with the nuclear-contaminated water,it can be found that,either during the DPJ's ruling period,in which companies were forced to cope with the crisis alone in an anarchy"condition,or after the change of leadership,in which Abe Shinzo cabinet,under the leadership of the LDP,made a high-profile announcement of"national intervention",their basic thought of"fewer,faster and more economical",and"to discharge anyway"have remained unchanged.Therefore,their countermeasures have failed to solve the problem fundamentally.On facing the crisis that remains unsolved,the Japanese authorities did not improve its governance measures by seeking a better solution but rather relied on political manipulation that confused what is right or wrong,important or unimportant,finally deciding to discharge the water.In addition,structural factors,such as the‘mismatch"between the strategic plan and reality while dealing with the crisis,the need to construct a national image for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics,Japan's economic and industrial policy of reusing nuclear power,and the"new cold war"strategy of Japan and the United States to firmly deepen alliance with the West through the crisis,have also restricted Japan's choices.The Fukushima nuclear crisis has caused an incalculable large-scale leakage of radioactive materials.If the Japanese authorities persist in conducting the discharge operation,it will not only continue to pollute the marine ecosystem and the overall natural environment in the long run but will also leave an indelible stain on human history.