汉语史上如何用词汇构式表达整体部分关系

Diachronic change on the expression of WHOLE-PART relation in Chinese lexical structures

本文主要讨论汉语史上如何用词汇构式表达整体部分关系的问题。历时考察表明,隋唐之前以简单构式为主,隋唐以来以复杂构式为主,主要包括[整体+部分象征]、[整体+部分像似]和[整体+部分指示]三类构式,各类构式的形义组配关系发生了历时变化。复杂构式的衍生经历了组合成型为主到聚合成型为主的转变,起初主要根据语法规则组合而成,再基于系列同类词汇构式抽象出“整体部分”构词图式,据此构造出形、义均可扩展的复杂构式。研究表明,构式理论可以对表征特定语义关系的多词表达式的演变作出较为合理的理论解释,汉语词汇史研究中应重视构词图式对词汇演变所起的作用。

This paper discusses on the question of how the relation between WHOLE and PART can be expressed in lexical structures during the history of Chinese language.Diachronic investigation shows that atomic structures are predominant before the Tang Dynasty whereas complex structures are more common after the Tang Dynasty.There are mainly three types of complex structures:[WHOLE+PARTaymbol],[WHOLE+PARTindaorl]and[WHOLE+PARTicon].Diachronic changes on the relation between form and meaning are also noticed.From syntagmatic to paradigmatic,complex structures were initially combined according to grammatical rules,which then gave rise to more abstract WHOLE-PART schemes and became the basis of further generated compounds.The research indicates that such a theory can better explain the evolution of multi-word expressions of specific semantic relations.Hence,more attention should be paid to the role of construction scheme in the diachronic evolution of Chinese lexicons.