“草药有命”与“自我神化”:粤北瑶族医药从业者的道德重塑

"Herbals Having Life"and"Self-deification":The Moral Reconstruction of Yao Medicine Practitioners in Northern Guangdong

20世纪60年代以来,宗教成为重建人与自然之关系的关键,世界性宗教、土著文化和民俗中的生态资源陆续得到发掘,而“传统”的衰落尤其是“自然”的去神圣化为学界所忽视。粤北瑶人关乎草药灵力的“传统”直指人与自然之间、医患之间的互惠式道德。随着瑶医药的商品化与市场化,“传统”沦为“风俗”,草药不再是神圣之物,瑶族医药从业者通过强调医药经验、经营成本和生活处境来合理化自身违背“传统”的行为;运用“草药有命”的理念及“人命”与“药命”的类比,重塑草药的效力及人与自然之间的道德;借助“自我神化”的方式展现奇迹和医德,重塑其医药的灵力与医患道德。个体的自反性道德叙事与实践,是将人们重新整合为德性群体的道德资源。

Since the 1960s,religion has become the key to rebuilding the relationship between man and nature.The ecological resources in the world religion,indigenous culture and customs have been discovered one after another,while the decline of"tradition",especially the de-sanctification of"nature",has been ignored by the academic circles.The"tradition"of Yao people in northern Guangdong about the spiritual power of herbals refers to the reciprocal morality between man and nature and between doctors and patients.With the commercialization and marketization of Yao medicine,"tradition"becomes"custom"and herbals are no longer sacred.Yao medicine practitioners rationalize their behavior against"tradition"by emphasizing medical experience,operating cost and living situation;use the concept of"herbals having life"and the analogy of"human life"and"herbal life"to reshape the effectiveness of herbals and the morality between man and nature;create miracles and show medical ethics through the way of"self-deification",and reshape the effectiveness of herbals and doctor-patient morality.The reflexive moral narrative and practice of individuals are the moral resources that reintegrate people into moral groups.