欧美学界关于纳粹大屠杀起源问题的争论

Debates on the Origin of the Nazi Holocaust in the European and American Academic Circles

纳粹大屠杀是发生在第二次世界大战期间的空前规模的种族灭绝事件。20世纪60年代后,欧美学界对纳粹大屠杀起源问题的研究经历了三个阶段。20世纪六七十年代,欧美学者主要聚焦于纳粹领导层,以“蓄谋派”与“功能派”为代表的学者围绕谁是屠杀行为的发起者展开了激烈争论。到20世纪七八十年代,持“特殊道路”立场的学者转向更宽广的时空来探究纳粹大屠杀的起源,随后引起左翼和右翼学者的争论。20世纪90年代以来,欧美学术界的关注焦点从之前的政治精英转向社会底层。德国普通民众在纳粹大屠杀中的作用这一问题引发了欧美学界的“戈德哈根之争”。精神分析、医疗史和情感史等路径的出现体现了纳粹大屠杀起源研究的多元化视角。半个多世纪以来欧美学界关于纳粹大屠杀起源问题的争论,不仅深化了纳粹大屠杀研究的议题,而且推动了纳粹大屠杀记忆和反思的进程,成为知识与社会互动的重要体现。

The Holocaust was an unprecedented genocide committed by the Nazis during the Second World War.After the 1960s,the European and American academic circles conducted the research on the origin of the Holocaust,which experienced three phases.During the 1960s and the 1970s,the European and American scholars mainly focused on the Nazi leadership,and scholars represented by the intentionalists and the functionalists launched a fierce debate on the initiator who committed the Holocaust.During the 1970s and the 1980s,scholars following the Sonderweg turned to a wider space and time to explore the origin of the Holocaust,which caused the controversy between left-wing and right-wing scholars.Since the 1990s,the focus of the European and American academia has shifted from the political elites to the bottom of the society,and the‘Goldhagen controversy'broke out around the role of‘ordinary men'in the Holocaust.The emergence of the psychoanalysis,medical history and emotional history represented diversified perspectives of the origin of the Holocaust.For more than half a century,the debates on the origin of the Holocaust in the European and American academic circles not only deepened the topics of the Holocaust research,but also promoted the process of the Holocaust memory and reflection,becoming an important embodiment of the interaction between the knowledge and the society.