副词“简直”的分布验证与语义提取

On the Distributional Verification and Semantic Extraction of the Adverb Jianzhi

本文根据语义语法理论,按照从精确定位句法分布到正反验证语义指向再到科学提取语义特征及其语法意义的研究思路,把有界极度敏感副词“简直”界定为“主观夸张性地评判事物直至有界极度的‘虽非极是义’”。首先,从共时比较和历史演变两个方面评述前人时贤关于“简直”的基本观点,并指出三点不足:对“简直”的句法分布描写缺乏精确定位、对“简直”的语义指向缺乏系统分类、对“简直”的语义特征缺乏科学验证。其次,基于CCL语料库的调查,精确定位副词“简直”的句法位置分布、句类选择限制和句法成分同现,并指明“有界极性程度义”决定了“简直”能否分布于陈述句和感叹句的状位。第三,根据“简直”的句法分布,并结合句法特征和逻辑关系把“简直”的语义指向分为四种语义类型:性质隶属度、数量多少度、关系相似度、情态偏离度。第四,根据“简直”四种语义指向,提取“简直”的语法意义,并正反验证“简直”的语义特征:[+主观评判性]、[+情态夸张性]、[+有界极度性]、[+虽非极是性]。第五,简单论证“简直”具有感叹情感和两极态度。最后,阐明语义语法理论对提取副词的功能性语法意义的重要性。

The paper defines the adverb jianzhi,sensitive to boundness,as to overstate a subjective judgement to the extreme limitation imaginable,based on semantic grammar theory,and from syntactic distribution to verifying semantic orientation positively and negatively,and to the semantic features and meanings.Firstly,three weaknesses of previous studies on jianzhi are presented,namely unclear syntactic distribution,lack of systematic classification of semantic orientation,and lack of scientific verification of its semantic features.Secondly,the syntactic distribution,the choice of sentence types,and the co-occurrence of syntactic constituents of jianzhi are defined based on the corpus of CCL.Thirdly,four semantic orientations of jianzhi are classified,namely the degree of quality attribution,the degree of quantity,the degree of relevance and the degree of modality in terms of its syntactic distribution,syntactic features and logical relations.Fourthly,four semantic features of jianzhi are verified based on its semantic orientation,[+subjective judgement],[+modal overstatement],[+extreme boundness]and[+extremely true but appearing to be false].Fifthly,it is argued that jianzhi is featured by exclamation and extreme attitudes.Finally,it is stated that semantic grammar theory is significant to the extraction of the functional grammatical meaning of adverbs.