从意外到语用否定:社会心理视角——以“怎么”句为例

From Mirativity to Pragmatic Negation:A Social Psychology Perspective

意外和否定之间具有十分紧密的关联性,由意外通过语用迁移可以实现否定。但是这种语用迁移的机制是什么,现有研究并没有说清楚。本文以“怎么”句为例,描述其从意外到否定的用法实现过程,借助社会心理学提出的图式和认知保守说明这种语用迁移的可能性,进而刻画出“怎么”反问句否定意义的形成机制和过程。此外,意外和否定是“怎么”示证性的两种表现形式,表面上承担意外和否定功能的“怎么”实质上体现出交互主观性:通过“示证”让说话者的心理预期得以向听话者明示。

There is a close relationship between mirativity and negation:mirativity turns into negation through pragmatic transfer.However,the mechanism of the pragmatic transfer has not been clarified.Taking sentences with zenme as an example,this paper describes the process of the realization from mirativity to negation,illustrates the possibility of the pragmatic transfer with the help of schema and cognitive conservatism proposed by social psychology,and then depicts the formation mechanism and process of the negative meaning of rhetorical questions with zenme.In addition,mirativity and negation are two forms of evidentiality of zenme,which actually reflects intersubjectivity,that is,the speaker's psychological expectation can be made clear to the listener through“evidentiality”.