《民法典》第394条(抵押权的定义)评注

Commentary on Article 294 of Civil Code(Definition of Mortgage)

《民法典》第394条是抵押权的立法定义。抵押权的典型设立方式包含抵押合同与抵押登记两个环节。抵押权人与债权人须为同一主体,基于此要求,抵押合同与抵押登记中的物权合意的法律效果均须直接归属于债权人,债权人委托他人以自己名义签订抵押合同并代持抵押权时,如果符合隐名代理的构成要件,则抵押权归属于债权人。抵押权是不转移占有型担保物权,其成立、存续、权能、担保效力以及消灭均与抵押财产的占有脱钩。实践中抵押权常与质权等其他担保物权交错,存在识别困难,需要区分担保物权的成立与担保合同的效力两个层面进行判断。工程价款优先权属于法定担保物权而非法定抵押权。抵押权可以担保纯粹的将来债权,只要抵押权实现时债权成立且特定即可。在机动车融资租赁等个别领域仍应认可所有权人抵押权。

Article 394 of the Civil Code is the legislative definition of mortgage.The typical way of mortgage establishment includes mortgage contract and mortgage registration.The mortgagee and the creditor must be the same subject.Based on this requirement,the legal effect of the agreement of real right in the mortgage contract and mortgage registration must directly belong to the creditor.When the creditor entrusts others to sign the mortgage contract in his own name and holds the mortgage right on behalf of the creditor,the mortgage right belongs to the creditor if it meets the constitutive requirements of unnamed principal agency.Mortgage is a kind of non-transferable possessive security interest.Therefore,its establishment,existence,legal effect and extinction are all separated from the possession of mortgaged property.In practice,the mortgage is often interleaved with such security interest as the pledge.It is necessary to distinguish the establishment of the security real right and the validity of the guarantee contract.The priority of project price belongs to legal security real right rather than legal mortgage right.A mortgage can secure a purely future claim as long as the claim is established and specified at the time the mortgage is realized.Owner mortgage should still be permitted in such areas as motor vehicle finance lease.