整体平衡的核安全观和能动与非能动先进核电厂

Overall&Balanced Nuclear Safety Concept and Active&Passive Advanced Nuclear Power Plant

现有核安全体系已经发展了七十年,但是正面临着诸如导致系统过度复杂这样的潜在挑战。深层次的原因涉及纵深防御概念、确定论安全分析和可靠性设计准则的固有局限,要求更多关注整体安全性和安全要素之间的平衡。基于系统论和系统工程思维,本文提出了整体平衡的核安全观作为现有核安全体系的修正,旨在通过平衡设计的手段提高核电厂的整体安全性,也就是寻求纵深防御层次之间的平衡、冗余性和多样性之间的平衡、确定论和概率论之间的平衡,投入和产出之间的平衡。整体平衡的核安全观指导了“华龙一号”的研发,形成了采用能动与非能动安全设施的最显著特征,本文结合“华龙一号”的实践对该特征进行了诠释。在传统核安全观念获得革命性理解的假设下,本文也对能动与非能动先进核电厂的未来创新进行了展望。整体平衡的核安全观和能动与非能动先进核电厂分别从理论和实践的角度,为解决核安全与成本效益之间的困境提供了潜在的解决方案。

The existing nuclear safety framework has been developed for 70 years,but is currently facing the potential challenges such as the consequent over complexity of safety system.The underlying reasons involve the intrinsic limitations of defence-in-depth(DID)concept,deterministic safety assessment and reliability design criteria,which calls for attention to the overall safety and the balance between safety elements.Based on system theory and system engineering methods,Overall&Balanced Nuclear Safety Concept is therefore presented as an amendment to the existing nuclear safety framework.The concept intends to meet the target of improving the overall safety of nuclear power plant(NPP)by means of balanced design,i.e.seeking balance between DID levels,between redundancy and diversity,between deterministic and probabilistic approach,and between input and output.With the guidance of this concept,HPR1000 is developed with the most remarkable achievement of adopting active and passive safety features.Such features are summarized and illustrated with the practice of HPR1000.On the assumption that the revolutionary understandings are gained for traditional nuclear safety concepts,the future innovation of Active&Passive Advanced NPP is also predicted.Overall&Balanced Nuclear Safety Concept and Active&Passive Advanced NPP provide a promising solution to the dilemma between nuclear safety and cost effectiveness from the aspects of both theory and practice.