国家自然科学基金共享航次计划固定调查断面概述

AN OVERVIEW ON REPEATED OBSERVATION SECTIONS IN THE SHIPTIME SHARING PROJECT OF NATIONAL NATURAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF CHINA

基于科考船的海洋调查是获取海洋变化第一手资料的重要方式,是孕育海洋科学原创成果的基础。2009年以来,国家自然科学基金共享航次计划实施情况表明,研究项目所需的海上调查“船时”和观测数据得以共享,但不同年份之间同一海域的站位设置及其观测方案变化较大,缺乏相对固定的调查断面研究。为进一步提升国家自然科学基金的资助成效,加强海洋过程的长期变化规律研究,自2020年起国家自然科学基金共享航次计划规划设置了34条固定调查断面,其中10余条固定断面调查要求已在随后的年度申请指南中发布。基于顶层设计思想提出的固定调查断面遵循了“突出重点、承前启后;科学引领、绩效为本;统筹兼顾、分步实施”的设置原则。其中,近海固定断面以生物多样性丰富、生产力水平较高、陆海相互作用强烈、受气候变化和人类活动双重干扰、资源环境问题突出的海域为重点,聚焦近海生态系统健康与服务功能维持、陆海相互作用的资源环境效应等关键科学问题;深远海固定断面则以对全球变化响应敏感、与我国海洋环境和气候变化关联紧密、海洋防灾减灾需求强烈的西太平洋和东印度洋海域为重点,聚焦地球系统多圈层相互作用、极端海洋环境与生命过程等关键科学问题。文章详细介绍了规划设置的34条固定断面的海域分布及其设置的科学思路,其中,我国近海26条(渤黄海5条、长江口3条、东海4条、台湾海峡5条、珠江口1条、北部湾4条、南海4条)、深远海8条(西太平洋6条、东印度洋2条)。应用实践表明,固定断面海上科考既着眼于长期海洋过程与变化规律研究的数据积累,又能兼顾普惠型航次的搭载项目需求,值得继续推动和优化完善。为加强我国海洋基础研究定位观测能力建设,文章还提出应尽快建立固定断面调查技术规范,加强固定断面航次成果的综合集成和应用,有效实施部门之间观测数据共享,以及推动构建以科学问题为导向、国际大科学计划为载体、我国科学家主导的国际合作共享航次。

Oceanographic investigation based on research vessels is an important approach to obtaining first-hand marine information on variation laws of ocean processes,laying essential foundations for major original innovations of marine science.The performance of the Shiptime Sharing Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)since 2009 shows that,the primary goals of the projects have been met and the observation data were shared.However,the sampling station setting and observation design of the same sea area vary greatly in different years,and there is a lack of repeated section survey.To improve the performance of the NSFC Shiptime Sharing Project and strengthen the study on long-term variation laws of ocean processes,a series of repeated observation section(ROS)have been deployed and some of them have been announced in the annual application guide for the NSFC Shiptime Sharing Project since 2020.The principle of the ROS planning aiming at top-level design was proposed,i.e.,“Priority and Continuity,Scientific Guidance and Premium Performance,and Overall Coordination and Step-by-step Implementation”.In offshore waters being characterized by enriched biodiversity,high primary productivity,strong land-sea interaction,dual impacts by climate change and human activities,and prominent demands for resource utilization and environment protection.The ROS planning shall be focused on key scientific issues of the ecosystem health and services maintenance,as well as the ecological effects of land-sea interaction.In open sea waters,the ROS planning should focus on the western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean areas,which are sensitive to global changes,closely related to China’s marine environment and climate change,and have a strong need for marine disaster prevention and mitigation,aiming at the key scientific issues such as the multiple-sphere interaction of the earth system and marine life processes in extreme environment.This paper summarizes the scientific idea of planning the 34 ROSs,including 26 in offshore and 8 in open sea waters.To promote the observation network positioning for the basic research,some suggestions are put forward to establish the technical specifications of repeated section survey as soon as possible,to strengthen the comprehensive integration and application of the ROS,to implement effectively the observation data sharing among different departments,and to promote international cooperation for Shiptime Sharing and ROS.