板栗叶黄化皱缩病发生栗园土壤元素含量与酶活性变化

Changes of Soil Elements Contents and Enzyme Activities in Chestnut Orchard Infected with Leaf Yellowing Crinkle Disease

【目的】板栗叶片黄化皱缩病(俗称“小叶病”)已鉴定为植原体病害,近年在燕山地区部分栗园发病严重到整株不结实,威胁板栗产业可持续发展。拟通过对发病栗园土壤元素含量和酶活性进行分析,以期为病害预防提供科学依据。【方法】采集发病核心区发病0年(未发病)、2~6年和8年以上栗园和远离区栗园的土壤样品,测定24个土壤元素含量和5个土壤酶活性指标,并选定22个指标利用主成分分析方法构建最小数据集,对不同发病年限栗树的土壤肥力进行评价。【结果】与未发病栗树土壤相比,发病8年以上的pH值降低6.36%(分别为5.82和5.45),而发病2~6年的碱解氮和速效钾含量提高53.48%和111.12%(分别为50.17和77.00 mg·kg^(-1),133.85和282.59 mg·kg^(-1)),与发病2~6年栗树土壤相比,发病8年以上的全钾和速效钾含量分别降低35.01%和33.44%(分别为15.51和10.08 mg·kg^(-1),282.59和188.09 mg·kg^(-1))。微量元素中,与未发病土壤相比,发病土壤硼、锰和锌含量分别提高15.21%、34.64%和20.59%(分别为86.76和99.96 mg·kg^(-1),780.19和1050.41 mg·kg^(-1),114.85和138.50 mg·kg^(-1)),而重金属元素中仅发病8年以上的土壤中铅含量提高22.94%(分别为38.44和47.26 mg·kg^(-1)),其他元素中发病2~6年和8年以上的钠含量分别降低19.17%和19.49%(分别为21.96、17.75和17.68 mg·kg^(-1)),发病2~6年的钛含量提高18.61%(分别为3969.89和4708.58 mg·kg^(-1))。土壤酶活性中,与未发病栗树土壤相比,发病2~6年和8年以上的过氧化氢酶提高102.27%和101.14%(分别为0.88、1.78和1.77 mg·d^(-1)·g^(-1)),发病2~6年的蔗糖酶和发病8年以上的脱氢酶活性分别提高92.88%和157.89%(分别为27.53和53.10 mg·d^(-1)·g^(-1),0.19和0.49 mg·d^(-1)·g^(-1))。【结论】燕山地区叶黄化皱缩病栗园土壤元素(钾、速效钾、碱解氮、锰、锌、硼、钛、铅)平衡受到破坏,土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶)活性发生显著变化,这可能与当地常年不科学的栽培管理措施有关。

【Objective】Chestnut leaf yellowing crinkle disease(commonly known as little leaf disease)has been identified as phytoplasma disease.In recent years,some chestnut orchards in Yanshan area have been seriously affected to the point that the whole plant does not bear fruit,threatening the sustainable development of chestnut industry.In order to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of chestnut orchard diseases,the content of soil elements and enzyme activities were analyzed in this paper.【Method】The soil samples,collecting from 0-year(without disease),2~6-year and more than 8-year disease chestnut trees in the core area and the soil of chestnut trees in the far away areas,24 soil elements and 5 soil enzyme activities were measured,and then 22 soil indexes were selected to construct the minimum data set by principal component analysis to evaluate the soil fertilities.【Result】Compared with the soil of chestnut trees without disease,the pH in more than 8-year disease significantly decreased by 6.36%(respectively are 5.82 and 5.45),but the alkaline nitrogen and available potassium in 2~6-year increased by 53.48%and 111.12%(respectively are 50.17 and 77.00 mg·kg^(-1),133.85 and 282.59 mg·kg^(-1)),while total potassium and available potassium decreased by 35.01%and 33.44%in more than 8-year disease(respectively are 15.51 and 10.08 mg·kg^(-1),282.59 and 188.09 mg·kg^(-1)).Among the microelements,compared with the soil of chestnut trees without disease,boron,manganese and zinc increased by 15.21%,34.64%and 20.59%(respectively are 86.76 and 99.96 mg·kg^(-1),780.19 and 1050.41 mg·kg^(-1),114.85 and 138.50 mg·kg^(-1)).In heavy elements only lead increased by 22.94%in more than 8-year disease(respectively are 38.44 and 47.26 mg·kg^(-1)),as well as other elements sodium significantly reduced by 19.17%and 19.49%in 2~6-year and more than 8-year disease(respectively are 21.96,17.75 and 17.68 mg·kg^(-1)),titanium in 2~6-year disease increased by 18.61%(respectively are 3969.89 and 4708.58 mg·kg^(-1)).Among soil enzyme activities,compared with the soil of chestnut trees without disease,the activity of catalase increased by 102.27%and 101.14%in the disease trees for 2~6-year and for more than 8-year(respectively are 0.88,1.78 and 1.77 mg·d^(-1)·g^(-1)),while sucrase activity increased by 92.88%in the disease trees of 2~6-year and dehydrogenase activity increased by 157.89%in the disease trees of more than 8-year(respectively are 27.53 and 53.10 mg·d^(-1)·g^(-1),0.19 and 0.49 mg·d^(-1)·g^(-1)).【Conclusion】The balance of soil elements(potassium,available potassium,alkaline nitrogen,manganese,zinc,boron,titanium,lead)was damaged and enzyme activities(catalase,sucrase and dehydrogenase activities)were significantly changed in chestnut orchard of leaf yellowing crinkle disease in Yanshan region,which may be related to the unscientific cultivation and management measures in the local area.