车用锂离子电池冷却技术研究进展

Research progress of cooling technology for vehicle lithium ion batteries

推广新能源汽车是实现我国“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标,应对全球气候危机的有效途径之一。与其他类型的电池(如镍氢电池、铅酸电池)相比,锂离子电池具有能量密度高、效率高、寿命长、环保等优势,得到了广泛的应用。因此,以锂离子电池为能源系统的新能源汽车得到了快速发展。然而,合适的运行环境是保证锂离子电池高效运行的关键。过高的环境温度,锂离子电池可能会发生热失控,进而导致燃烧爆炸等安全问题。过低的环境温度,锂离子电池充放电性能会受到影响,负极表面容易析锂产生枝晶,造成容量衰退,甚至刺穿隔膜形成内部短路。因此,开发有效的热管理系统,使锂离子电池运行在合适的温度范围是保证新能源汽车安全稳定运行的关键。系统地分析了现有的锂离子电池热管理系统冷却技术,对比了它们的优缺点。根据目前锂离子电池热管理系统的发展现状,探讨了未来电动汽车热管理系统的发展趋势。

Promoting new energy vehicles is one of the effective ways to accomplish China’s“carbon peak”and“carbon neutrality”goals and to deal with the global climate crisis.Compared with other types of batteries,such as nickel-metal hydride batteries and lead-acid batteries,lithium ion batteries have the advantages of a high energy density,high efficiency,long life and environmental friendliness,and have been widely used.Therefore,new energy vehicles with lithium ion batteries as the energy system have also evolved rapidly.However,a proper operating environment is the key to ensuring efficient operation of lithium ion batteries.If the environmental temperature is too high,a lithium ion battery may suffer from thermal runaway,which may lead to burning or explosion.If the environmental temperature is too low,charging and discharging performance of a lithium ion battery will be affected,and the surface of the negative electrode is prone to disaggregating lithium and producing dendrites,resulting in capacity decay and even piercing the separator to form an internal short circuit.Therefore,developing an effective thermal management system to make lithium ion batteries operate within a suitable temperature range is the key to ensuring safe and stable operation of new energy vehicles.This article systematically analyzes the existing cooling technologies of lithium ion battery thermal management system and compares their advantages and disadvantages.Lastly,the future development trend of the electric vehicle thermal management system is discussed based on the current development state of the lithium ion battery thermal management system.