结核分枝杆菌亚单位疫苗研究进展

Research progress in Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccines

结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,M.tb)是一种重要的人兽共患病原菌,能引起肺结核等严重的传染性疾病。疫苗是防控结核分枝杆菌感染的手段之一,目前获得许可的结核病疫苗仅为卡介苗,相比其他种类疫苗,结核亚单位疫苗具有更佳的安全性,配合佐剂使用可进一步提高保护效力、延长持续时间。亚单位疫苗由一种或多种不含核酸但具有免疫活性的抗原组成,并且作为预防性疫苗已存在多种。制备亚单位疫苗的主要方式是分离纯化与保护性免疫应答相关的特异性抗原,以此适当激活树突状细胞(DC)来启动和/或调节T淋巴细胞。本文通过对已有结核亚单位疫苗进行汇总分析,着重阐述了用于亚单位疫苗的抗原、佐剂及目前的临床试验进展,为后续开展结核相关疫苗研究提供有价值的参考。

Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb)is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes tuberculosis.Vaccination is one means of prevention and control of M.tb infection.At present,only a BCG vaccine is licensed.Tuberculosis subunit vaccines have better safety than other types of vaccines,and the use of adjuvant can further improve the protective efficacy and prolong the duration of immunity.Subunit vaccines are composed of one or more antigens that do not contain nucleic acid but have immune activity,and many types of prophylactic vaccines exist.The main method of preparing subunit vaccines is to separate and purify specific antigens related to protective immune responses,to properly activate dendritic cells,which in turn activate and/or regulate T lymphocytes.This article provides a summary and analysis of existing tuberculosis subunit vaccines,focusing on the antigens and adjuvants used in subunit vaccines,and on current progress in clinical trials,to provide a reference for future research on related vaccines.