本质、前序与映射:《科里奥兰纳斯》中共和政体的“双向表演”

Essence,predecessor and representation:The“two⁃way performance”of the republican government in Coriolanus

《科里奥兰纳斯》中马歇斯生活的罗马共和时期,由元老院、执政官和公民大会组成的政体虽冠名“共和”,本质上却是各方贵族通过与民众之间的“双向表演”维护自我利益的产物。不愿配合表演的马歇斯终成悲剧。莎士比亚以其经历映射詹姆士一世的王权统治。虽前有伊丽莎白一世等利用“双向表演”与民众互动强化君主统治,詹姆士一世选择跟马歇斯一样,与民众保持距离。这让早就习惯前朝君主“双向表演”的民众极不适应,加之当时市民政治蓬勃兴起,民众纷纷诉求参政权力,最后导致英格兰政体频频失衡。

In Coriolanus,Martius lives in Roman republican mixed with the Senate,Consuls and citi⁃zen assembly.This polity names“republican”on the surface,but aims to protect the nobles􀆳in⁃terests by the“two⁃way performance”between them and the civilians,from which all the nobles benefit themselves except Martius.Shakespeare makes a close analogy between him and James I.Even though the“two⁃way performance”adopted by Tudor Monarchs to strengthen the absolute royal power has been abandoned by James I who keeps distance with others as a charismatic leader.Lack of the“two⁃way performance”makes the civilians feel queasy,together with public civic rising,his polity gradually unbalances.Shakespeare's attitude towards the republican gov⁃ernment could be known by the fate changes of Martius.