雇主安全照顾义务之内容界定

A Definition of the Employer's Duty of Safe Attendance

雇主安全照顾义务可借以统合地把握泛劳务(动)合同关系,在工伤保险统筹范围内以违约赔偿补足剩余损害,在非传统型工伤及新旧“编外”劳务关系等不受保险统筹的用工情形中亦仰赖违约赔偿加强救助,在损害发生之前赋予劳动者抗辩权及照顾请求权。为此,在界定义务内容时可依循先抽象(从“一切必要”到“合理可行”)再具体(对物型及对人型义务的类型化)、先实体再程序(即举证责任这个“实质程序”问题)的理路。既要倾斜保护劳动者,又要兼顾国情实际以及优化营商环境的任务。故而“一切必要”的标准将被“合理可行”所柔化;将以手段债为原则、以结果债为例外;既以过错推定等减轻劳动者举证责任,又为雇主方举证免责保留空间。如此等等,都是在追求同一个规范目标:既要倾斜保护劳动者,使其应得的待遇不致因不切实际的论证负担或举证责任而流于口惠而实不至,又要将雇主责任限定在一个合理的范围之内,从而实现二者的双赢。

Employer's duty of safe attendance can be integrated to grasp the general labor(dynamic)contract relationship,within the scope of industrial injury insurance as a whole to default compensation surplus damage,in the non-traditional industrial injury and the old and new“extra”labor relations is not insurance as a whole employment situation also depends on default compensation to strengthen relief,before the damage and give laborer right of defense and take care of the claim.Therefore,in the definition of the content of obligations,we can follow the abstract(from“all necessary”to“as low as reasonably practicable”)and then concrete(the typification of material and human obligations),first entity and then procedure(i.e.,the“substantive procedure”of the burden of proof).We should not only favor protecting workers,but also take into account the national conditions and improve the business environment.Therefore,the standard of“all necessary”will be softened by“reasonable and feasible”;and the burden of proof with the presumption of fault,but allow the employer to provide evidence.Thus,etc.,are in the pursuit of the same standard goal:not only to tilt the protection of workers,so that their due treatment is not due to the unrealistic demonstration burden or the burden of proof,but also to limit the employer's responsibility within a reasonable range,so as to achieve a win-win situation for both.