土司“所属司”类型、生成路径及特点研究

Research on the Types,Forming Ways and Characteristics of the“Suoshusi”of Tusi

土司“所属司”即大土司领下的朝廷官授土司之省称,大别为宣慰司、安抚司、招讨司、长官司类下土司,以及土府、土州、土县类下土司。两类“所属司”与朝廷关系言,属中央王朝政区合法基层官员,朝廷要授予印信、号纸、官服,职位准许承袭。与被统辖的大土司关系言,为其属官,接受其派遣和命令。“所属司”生成路径有王朝更替归附者,有政区管理划隶者,有招抚他族、征战有功者。“所属司”设置,巩固了土司的国家认同,对于探讨历史时期民族地区基层治理智慧,铸牢各民族中华民族共同体意识有积极意义。

The“Suoshusi”of Tusi is an abbreviation of Tusi granted by the imperial government and led by chief ones,which can be generally divided into two kinds.One covered Xuanweisi,Anfusi,Zhaotaosi,zhangguansi,and the other covered Tufu,Tuzhou,Tuxian.As for the relationship between“Suoshusi”and the government,the government must offer Yinxin,Haozhi and official clothing to the basic-level officials who had legitimate status in the administrative division of the central dynasty and enjoyed position succession.In relation to relationship with the chief Tusi,the subordinate ones must accept the superiors’dispatch and commands.The forming ways of“Suoshusi”included changing allegiance when alteration of the dynasty happened,management of administrative division leading to district adjustment,and pacifying ethnic minorities or people who built military exploit.The establishment of“Suoshusi”consolidates the national identity of Tusi and this topic is of positive significance for exploring the wisdom of historical primary-level governance in ethnic areas and forging the consciousness of community for the Chinese nation.