行为越权与制度优化:电子数据取证中的第三方参与

Behavior Ultra Vires and System Optimization:Third Party Participation in Electronic Data Forensics

我国侦查机关肩负刑事案件侦查取证的权能,通常由侦查人员和内部技术人员分工负责。在网络犯罪侦查实践中,侦查机关对外委托第三方参与电子数据取证呈现出常态化趋势,包括第三方协助侦查人员开展电子数据取证和第三方开展电子数据检验、鉴定两种情形,出现了第三方越权的现象,也引发了取证主体和证据转化的合法性问题。侦查人员与专家二元主体的取证模式,刑事案件电子数据取证技术资源的不足,第三方对技术资源的占有,法律文件的模糊授权与条文冲突,导致了第三方参与电子数据取证的常态化和越权现象。区分侦查人员与第三方的取证权限,完善第三方的参与机制,既是为了保障刑事案件电子数据取证工作有效开展,也是为了健全电子数据取证的权力运行机制和监督管理体系。这不仅是国家治理理论中第三方治理的延伸,其法理也在于刑事司法所追求目的、价值和原则的统一。具体来讲,侦查机关在电子数据取证中引入第三方参与机制,要遵循客观标准,确立正当性原则,规范第三方参与下电子数据证据转化的程序与实体规则,完善电子数据取证规范性文件的相关条款,并加强对第三方主体的监管。

China's investigation organs shoulder the power of investigation and evidence collection in criminal cases,which is usually divided by investigators and internal technicians.In the practice of cyber crime investigation,the investigation organ entrusts a third party to participate in electronic data forensics,which shows a normalization trend,including third parties to assist investigators in electronic data forensics and the electronic data inspection and identification of a third party.The phenomenon of a third party exceeding its authority also leads to the legitimacy of the subject of evidence collection and the transformation of evidence.The forensics pattern of investigators and experts,the lack of technical resources of electronic data forensics in criminal cases,the possession of technical resources by third parties,and the conflict between vague authorization and provisions of legal documents have led to the normalization and overstepping of the third party's participation in electronic data forensics.Distinguishing the evidence collection authority between investigators and third parties and improving the participation mechanism of third parties is not only to ensure the effective development of electronic data evidence collection in criminal cases,but also to improve the power operation mechanism and supervision and management system of electronic data evidence collection.This is not only the extension of third party governance in the theory of National governance,but also the unity of purpose,value and principle pursued by criminal justice.Specifically,when introducing the third-party participation mechanism into electronic data forensics,the investigation organ should follow the objective standards,establish the principle of legitimacy,standardize the procedural and substantive rules of electronic data evidence transformation under the participation of the third party,improve the relevant provisions of the normative documents of electronic data forensics,and strengthen the supervision of the third-party subject.