明与北元关于“承天命”问题的相互认知及其畸变

The Mutual Cognition and Distortion of "Submiting the Mandate of Heaven"in Ming and Northern Yuan Dynasty

在中国的政治思想传统中,天命观是关乎政治统治合法性和正当性的重要问题。明朝与北元对立初期,明朝承认元朝乃“承天命”而立,并将元世祖称为“天命真人”,明乃继承元之“天命”而立。但至“土木之变”和“庚戌之变”后,明遂否认元为“天命而立”的正统王朝。与此相对,北元亦坚决否认明之“承天命”的政治合法性和正当性。不过,其对朱棣是认可的,并将其看成元惠宗的遗腹子,借此认为明朝也属蒙古黄金家族后裔之统治,即明的统治可谓“大元一统”的接续和再现。

In the tradition of Chinese political thought,the concept of the Mandate of Heaven is an important issue concerning the validity and legitimacy of political rule.At the beginning of the confrontation between the Ming and the Northern Yuan Dynasty,the Ming Dynasty recognized that the Yuan Dynasty was established by""submitting the mandate of heaven",and called the Yuan Shizu"Zhenren of the mandate of heaven",and the Ming Dynasty inherited the"mandate of heaven"of the Yuan Dynasty.However,fer"the Tu-mu War"and"Geng-xu Crisis",the Ming Dynasty denied that the Yuan Dynasty was an orthodox dynasty"inherited the mandate of heaven".On the contrary,the Northern Yuan also firmly denied the political validity and legitimacy of Ming's"submitting the mandate of heaven".But,the Northern Yuan recognized Zhu Di as the posthumous child of Huizong of Yuan,and believed that the Ming Dynasty was also ruled by the descendants of the Mongoliann"altan uruq",and the govern of the Ming Dynasty could be the continuation and recreation of the"Great Yuan unification".