民办学校适用法人人格否认制度之辩

Analysis on How to Apply the Disregard of Legal Personality System in Private Schools

民办学校的经费主要来源之一是举办者的投资,举办者举债经营或是学校运用市场化机制运营都会形成负债。或是囿于《民办教育促进法》对取得收益的限制,或是因为学校内部治理不规范,举办者无视学校独立人格,与学校之间形成不正当财产流动的事件时有发生,可能导致债权人受到损害。为此,债权人可能试图通过法人人格否认制度得到救济。但由于民办学校并不是《公司法》直接调整的主体,直接适用法人人格否认制度存在障碍。在不与民办学校基础性法律规定相冲突的情况下,可适用法人人格否认制度调整民办学校所涉纠纷。结合现行司法实践情况可知,民办学校可适用顺向法人人格否认制度,仅营利性学校可适用逆向法人人格否认制度,在适用中应遵循从严把握谨慎裁量的原则,以实现债权人利益和公共利益的平衡。

One of the main sources of funds for private school comes from the sponsor’s investment,and if the sponsor operates with borrowed capital or the school is managed using market mechanism,the debt may be formed.Either because of the restriction on obtaining earnings by The Law on the Promotion of Private Education,or because of the non-standard internal governance of the school,from time to time,the sponsor ignores the independent personality of the school and improperly transfers the property of the school,which may injure the interests of the creditors.Therefore,creditors may try to get relief through the disregard of legal personality system.However,since the private school is not the subject that the Company Law can directly adjusts,there may exist some obstacles for private schools to apply the disregard of legal personality provisions.In the case that it doesn't conflict with the basic legal provisions for private schools,we can apply the disregard of legal personality system to solve the disputes involved in the running of private schools.Based on the current judicial practices,it can be seen that private schools can apply the consequent personality disregard system,and only the for-profit schools can apply the reverse personality disregard system.In the application,we should follow the principle of strict and prudent discretion in order to achieve the balance between the interests of the creditors and public interests.