堤坝漫溃机理、模型及溃决洪水模拟技术与应用

Embankment Breach Due to Overflowing:Mechanism,Models,FloodSimulation Technologies,and Their Applications

为提升堤坝溃决险情处置和溃决灾害防御能力,多年来长江科学院河流研究所采用物理模型试验、水槽试验、理论分析、数值模拟等方法研究了堤坝漫溢溃决的机理、模型与模拟技术。其主要成果包括:揭示了堤坝漫溢溃决机理,解析了“溯源陡坎冲刷”在堤坝溃决过程中的作用,提出了溯源陡坎冲刷模式和堤坝漫溢溃决模式;基于物理机制,研发了溯源陡坎冲刷二维数学模型和堤坝漫溢溃决数学模型;发展了适应溃坝水流急变特征的一、二、三维溃坝洪水运动模拟技术及地形处理方法,并初步探索了溃坝水流的三维流场与动压特性;总结评述了相关领域的研究进展。研究成果成功应用于唐家山、白格等历次堰塞湖溃决险情的应急处置和决策制定,并为今后堤坝(含堰塞坝)溃决险情的科学应对提供了技术参考和经验借鉴。

Over the years,researchers in the River Research Department of the Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute has conducted extensive studies on the mechanism,models,and simulation technologies of embankment breaches due to overflowing.These efforts were aimed at enhancing the ability to respond to embankment breach emergencies and to defend associated disasters.Through the use of physical model tests,flume tests,theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and other methods,the department has made significant contributions to the field.Specifically,we have uncovered the mechanism of embankment breaches due to overflowing,analyzed the role of“headcut erosion”in the breaching process,and introduced patterns of headcut erosion and phases of embankment breaching due to overflowing.Additionally,we have developed a two-dimensional mathematical model of headcut erosion and a mathematical model of embankment breaching based on the physical mechanism.Furthermore,we have created one-,two-,and three-dimensional flood simulation technologies that are adapted to the characteristics of dam-breaking flow,along with a terrain processing method,and have preliminarily explored the three-dimensional flow field and hydrodynamic pressure characteristics of dam-breaking flow.Last,we made a review on the research progress in related fields and the achievements published in scientific journals.The accomplishments of the department have already proven to be highly effective in emergency response and decision-making,specifically during the Tangjiashan and Baige barrier lake breach emergencies.These achievements provide technical reference and experience for addressing embankment breach(including barrier lake burst)dangers in the future.