董仲舒“王道”观的国家治理思想

Dong Zhongshu’s Though of State Governance in the Perspective of Benevolent Governance

董仲舒的“王道”观是对孔、孟、荀“王道”思想的继承与整合。董仲舒的“王道”观国家治理思想的主要内容有:第一,“王道”是儒家政治的最高理想,实现“王道”是儒家学说介入现实政治的必然途径;第二,“王道”在政治实践上表现的是人之道,但在哲学来源上则源自于天之道,“王道”是以天道为仁作为政治运作的基础的;第三,“王道”在国家内部治理上要遵循以民为本的宗旨,把民生放在政治的首要位置;第四,“王道”的实施应表现为统治者的德性、官吏的素质、百姓的教化与社会的礼法及国家制度的统一,前者为“质”后者为“文”,前者与后者相互融汇,“王道”也是质文合一的产物;第五,“王道”的实施,固然以仁义为主导,但在对社会的治理上也不能忽视刑罚的作用,合理的社会治理应该是“德主刑辅”的模式;第六,在国家外部关系上,“王道”是处理国与国或中土与外夷关系的不二准则,“王道”的方式是以德服人而不是以力服人;第七,“王道”应以大一统作为追求的目标,“王道”是大一统的思想引领,大一统则是“王道”要达成的效果,用“王道”化成天下,内为万民敬慕,外为四夷宾服,成就天下的统一。

Dong Zhongshu’s thought of benevolent governance is the inheritance and integration of Confucius’,Mencius’and Xunzi’s doctrines of benevolent governance.The main contents of Dong Zhongshu’s thought of state governance in the perspective of benevolent governance are as follows:First,“benevolent governance”is the highest ideal of Confucian politics,and realizing“benevolent governance”is the inevitable way for Confucianism to intervene in real politics.Second,“benevolent governance”shows the way of man in political practice,but it originates from the way of heaven in philosophy,and“benevolent governance”takes the way of heaven as benevolence as the basis of political operation.Third,“benevolent governance”should follow the people-oriented principle in the internal governance of the state and put people’s livelihood at the top of politics.Fourth,the implementation of“benevolent governance”should be manifested in the virtue of rulers,the quality of officials,the education of the people,the social etiquette as well as the unity of the national system,the former being“content”and the latter being“form”,and the former being integrated with the latter.“Benevolent governance”is also the product of the integration of content and form.Fifth,although the implementation of“benevolent governance”is dominated by benevolence and righteousness,the role of punishment cannot be ignored in the governance of society.Reasonable social governance should be the mode of“virtue as the main means and penalty as the auxiliary one”.Sixth,in the external relations of the state,“benevolent governance”is the only criterion to deal with the relations between countries or between China and foreign countries.The way of“benevolent governance”is to convince people by virtue rather than by force.Seventh,“benevolent governance”should be the goal of great unity and the ideological guidance of it while great unity is the effect that“benevolent governance”should be achieved.The ruler should educate the world with“benevolent governance”so that they can be admired by all the people inside the country and be submitted by all the foreigners outside,thus achieving the unity of the world.