水上危化品运输事故分析及应急处置能力提升研究

Analysis of maritime transport accidents of hazardous chemicals and research on the improvement of emergency response capabilities

为推进国家水上危化品运输事故应急处置能力建设,系统分析我国水上危化品运输特点,研究水上危化品船舶事故现状及特点。结果表明:我国危化品水路运输的需求量在日益增大,水上突发险情事故中危化品船舶事故所占的比重也在不断增大,液货危化品运输船舶的老旧化、大型化、杂运集装化以及危化品散装多样化问题已成为制约水上危化品运输安全的重要因素;危害性大和易发生二次事故等事故特点和处置危险性高、难度大、专业性强等应急处置要求是制约我国水上危化品应急处置能力快速提升的重要因素。同时,针对当前我国面临的水上危化品运输船舶突发险情应急处置难题,从“人-机-环-管”4个方面指出了加强危化品船舶事故应急救捞体系建设的10条对策建议。

To promote the construction of national capacity for emergency response to maritime hazardous chemical transportation accidents,the characteristics of maritime hazardous chemical transportation in China were systematically ana-lyzed,and the current situation and characteristics of maritime hazardous chemical ship accidents were studied as well.The results show that the demand for waterway transportation of hazardous chemicals in China is increasing day by day,and the proportion of hazardous chemical ship accidents in water emergencies is also increasing.The aging,large size,containeriza-tion of miscellaneous cargoes and bulk diversification of dangerous chemicals transported by liquid cargo have become im-portant factors restricting the safety of maritime dangerous chemicals transport.Meanwhile,the characteristics of accidents,such as high hazards and prone to secondary accidents,and the requirements for emergency response such as high risk,diffi-culty,and professionalism have become important factors restricting the rapid improvement of China's emergency response capabilities for maritime hazardous chemicals.In addition,aiming at the current emergency response problems faced by China's maritime hazardous chemical transport ships,10 countermeasures and suggestions for strengthening the construction of emergency rescue system for hazardous chemical ship accidents were pointed out,from the four aspects of"man-machine-environment-management".