俄美太空合作:进程、动因与展望

Russia-U.S.Space Cooperation:Evolution,Motivation and Prospect

俄美太空合作既是苏美太空合作的延续,也是双方太空发展需求的产物。冷战结束后,俄美关系缓和为双边太空合作开创了新局面,两国在火箭发动机、国际空间站等领域加强合作。2011年航天飞机退役后,美国不得不依赖俄罗斯前往国际空间站,这提升了俄罗斯在双边太空合作关系中的地位。2014年克里米亚危机发生后,俄美地缘关系不断恶化,太空制裁与反制裁频发,太空合作项目接连中断。同时,两国的太空自主力量建设,尤其是美国太空商业公司技术进步,销蚀了太空合作的基础。太空政策理念冲突也阻碍了俄美太空合作的持续。2022年爆发的俄乌冲突波及俄美太空合作,太空关系安全化态势逐渐显现。俄美太空军事力量建设加剧了太空军备竞赛,恶化了太空安全环境,为太空治理增加了难度。

Russia-U.S.space cooperation is not only continuation of Soviet-U.S.space cooperation but also a result of both countries'space development demands.Since the end of the Cold War the detente between the Soviet Union and the United States has created a new circumstance for their bilateral space cooperation.The two countries have strengthened cooperation in areas such as rocket engines and International Space Station.After the retirement of the space shuttle in 2011,the U.S.had no other choice but to rely on Russia for trips to the International Space Station,which helps to enhance Russia's status in their bilateral space cooperation.After the Crimean crisis broke out in 2014,the geopolitical relations between Russia and the United States continued to deteriorate,with frequent sanctions and counter-sanctions in space.Accordingly,space cooperation projects were interrupted one after another.Meanwhile the construction of independent space forces of these two countries,especially the technological progress of U.S.space commercial companies,has eroded the foundation of their space cooperation.The conflict of space policy concepts also hinders the continuation of Russian-US space cooperation.The Russia-Ukraine conflict,which broke out in 2022,has further affected Russia-U.S.space cooperation,and securitization of space relations is gradually emerging.The construction of Russian and U.S.space military forces has intensified arms race in space,worsening space security environment and making space governance more difficult.