我国环境犯罪保护法益的演进与立法完善

The Evolution and Legislative Improvement of Legal Interests of Environmental Crime Protection

受宏观政策影响,污染环境罪取代了重大环境污染事故罪,其保护法益也由1979《刑法》的经济法益观到1997年《刑法》的人类中心主义、《刑法修正案(八)》的生态中心主义向生态学的人类中心主义进化。尽管目前司法实务中大多数的污染环境罪曾被认定为行为犯,但是从修改后的规范上看,其犯罪构造已由结果犯演变为“危险犯+实害犯”的双重模式,且只存在于故意犯罪之中。鉴于污染环境罪同时兼具自然犯与法定犯的双重属性,依据生态学人类中心主义法益观,建议将该罪归入危害公共安全类犯罪,并对刑法规范进行如下设计:现行《刑法》第114条之一增加为该罪的危险犯条款,第115条之一增加为该罪的实害犯条款,并将“有毒物质”从污染环境罪的行为对象中剥离出去以便与投放危险物质罪进行界分。

Under the influence of macro policies,the crime of polluting the environment has replaced the crime of major environmental pollution accidents,and its legal interests of protection have also changed from the economic legal interests of the 1979 Criminal Law to the anthropocentrism of the 1997 Criminal Law,and the ecocentrism of the Criminal Law Amendment(Ⅷ)to the ecological anthropocentrism.Although most of the environmental pollution crimes in the current judicial practice have been recognized as behavioral crimes,the revised norms show that the criminal structure has evolved from a result crime to a dual model of"dangerous crime+actual harm crime",which only exists in intentional crimes.In view of the dual attributes of both natural crime and legal crime,according to the ecological human-centered view of legal interests,it is suggested that the crime should be classified as a crime endangering public security,and the Criminal Law norms should be designed as follows:Article 114-1 of the Criminal Law should be added as a dangerous crime clause of the crime;Article 115-1 of the Criminal Law should be added as the actual harm crime clause of the crime,and the"poisonous substance"should be separated from the object of the crime of polluting the environment in order to distinguish it from the crime of throwing dangerous substances.